ABSTRACT
Drug-induced Parkinsonism (DIP) is a common complication of antipsychotic drugs, calcium channel antagonists, gastrointestinal prokinetic drugs, and antiepileptic drugs and the most common secondary Parkinsonism in the elderly. DIP caused by various drugs is not uncommon in clinic. However, it is easy to omit diagnosis and treatment. Withdrawal of offending drugs is the main treatment and lower risk drugs should be switched if the drug in use cannot be discontinued. The advances in definition, risk factors, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment, and prognosis of DIP are reviewed in this paper, in order to improve cognition for this curable iatrogenic disease in clinical practice.
ABSTRACT
Objective:To summarize the ultrasound manifestations of lung lesions in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and explore the clinical value of ultrasonography in assessing the severity of the disease.Methods:Thirty-one patients with COVID-19 admitted to the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University from January 18 to February 5, 2020, were selected as the research subjects. All of them underwent dynamic lung ultrasound. Their lung lesions were observed, and the lung ultrasound score (LUS) was performed, respectively. The correlations between the LUS and the disease classification, the LUS and the blood oxygenation index (PaO 2/FiO 2) were analyzed, respectively. The relationship between the corresponding change of clinical classification and the LUS score when it progressed to moderate/severe was analyzed as well. Results:Among the 31 patients with COVID-19, two (6.5%) had no apparent lesions at the ultrasound, with the LUS score of 0. Twenty-nine (93.5%) showed abnormities at the ultrasound, with the LUS score from 1-26, and the main manifestations were B-line signs. Among them 6 (19.4%) had the "white lung signs" , and 13 (41.9%) had pulmonary consolidations. The LUS score was positively correlated with the clinical classification ( r s=0.683 2, P<0.001) and negatively correlated with PaO 2/FiO 2 ( r=-0.864 3, P<0.001). In the initial and dynamic ultrasonography, 13 patients were graded as moderate/severe according to their LUS scores, and the accuracy of the LUS in assessing severe/critical patients was 81.3% (13/16). It was 1-3 days earlier for the LUS progressing to moderate/severe than clinical classification. Conclusions:Pulmonary ultrasound manifestations of patients with COVID-19 have specific characteristics mainly showing as lung interstitial lesions, which can be combined with pulmonary consolidation. Ultrasound can be used in the assessment of the severity of COVID-19 noninvasively and guide clinical treatment.
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was to study the effect of three different transfection reagents (Lipofectamine™ LTX & PLUS™, Lipofectamine 2000 and Nano-PAMAM-D) and three different testicular injection methods (rete testicular injection, seminiferous tubules injection and testicular interstitial injection) on the efficiency of production transgenic mice. After the mixtures of plasmid DNA (pEFP-C1) and transfection reagent were injected with different testicular injection methods, the sperm density, vitality, positive sperm rates and PCR positive transgenic mice rate were examined 30 days after injection. The results showed that the damage degree from slight to serious of three transfection reagents was Lipofectamine™ LTX & PLUS™, Lipofectamine 2000, and PAMAM-D. The sperm positive rates with green fluorescence of these three groups were 35.65%±0.69%, 12.86%±0.35% and 10.04%±0.20%, respectively. The PCR positive rates of transgenic newborn mice were 29.17%, 13.70% and 5.88%, respectively. Among the groups of different testicular injection methods, the damage degree from slight to serious was rete testicular injection, seminiferous tubules injection, and testicular interstitial injection, whereas the sperm positive rates with green fluorescence were 35.13%, 15.13%, and 0%, respectively. The PCR positive rates of transgenic newborn mice among different testicular injection groups were 33.3%, 12.5%, and 0.0%. The combination of rete testicular injection and Lipofectamine™ LTX & PLUS™ had the lowest toxicity and highest transgenic efficiency in the production of transgenic mice.