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Nanomaterial-based drug sustainable release systems have been tentatively applied to bone regeneration. They, however, still face disadvantages of high toxicity, low biocompatibility, and low drug-load capacity. In view of the low toxicity and high biocompatibility of polymer nanomaterials and the excellent load capacity of hollow nanomaterials with high specific surface area, we evaluated the hollow polydopamine nanoparticles (HPDA NPs), in order to find an optimal system to effectively deliver the osteogenic drugs to improve treatment of bone defect. Data demonstrated that the HPDA NPs synthesized herein could efficiently load four types of osteogenic drugs and the drugs can effectively release from the HPDA NPs for a relatively longer time in vitro and in vivo with low toxicity and high biocompatibility. Results of qRT-PCR, ALP, and alizarin red S staining showed that drugs released from the HPDA NPs could promote osteogenic differentiation and proliferation of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (rBMSCs) in vitro. Image data from micro-CT and H&E staining showed that all four osteogenic drugs released from the HPDA NPs effectively promoted bone regeneration in the defect of tooth extraction fossa in vivo, especially tacrolimus. These results suggest that the HPDA NPs, the biodegradable hollow polymer nanoparticles with high drug load rate and sustainable release ability, have good prospect to treat the bone defect in future clinical practice.
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Animals , Rats , Bone Regeneration , Indoles , Nanoparticles , Osteogenesis , Pharmaceutical Preparations , PolymersABSTRACT
Objective To study the regional anatomy of the cavernous sinus for skull base surgery.Methods Continuous thin sections on coronary plane were performed with freezing milling technique on an head specimen from March 2008 to November 2011.After segmenting,labeling and extracting in a seraial sections,we finished the three dimensional reconstruction of the cavernous sinus.Results Three hundred and ninety thin coronary sections were obtained.The related structures were described in six typical sections.The cavernous sinuses were located on each side of the sphenoid sella.The sinus connects to the superior orbital fissure below and lateral to the anterior clinoid process,opens into the basilar sinuses lateral to the dorsum sellae.The four main spaces within the sinus,identified by their relation to the carotid artery,were the medial,the anteroinferior,the posterosuperior compartments and the lateral space.The four spaces were located differnently and communicate with each others in three dimensional images.Conclusion Combination of coronary section anatomy and three dimensional reconstruction can display the anatomical characters of the s cavernous sinus.The 3D models are video films that continuously and dynamically display anatomic structures in 3D space at different velocities.
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ObjectiveTo study the morphology, normal values and lateral asymmetry of Chinese calcarine sulcus on MRI. Methods High-resolution and transverse MRI were obtained from 40 female volunteers. Brainvisa software was used to reconstruct the calcarine sulcus and measure its average length, depth and width automatically. Results The posterior branch of calcarine sulcus showed six types in the median sagittal plane: bifurcation(32.50%), single peak(25.00%), flat (16.25%), S-shaped (15.00%), double peak(7.50%) and other shape (3.75%); its location had three types: inferior(72.50%), middle(21.25%)and superior(6.25%). The depth of left calcarine sulcus was (15.24±2.67)mm, and the right one was (16.97±3.25)mm, which revealed great statistical significance (P＜0.000 1). The width of left calcarine sulcus was (3.14±0.91)mm, and it was (3.19± 0.83)mm in the right side. The bottom length of calcarine sulcus: the left was (86.47±16.85)mm, the right was (83.62±17.10)mm. The top length of calcarine sulcus: the left was (70.52±12.40)mm, the right was (64.90±15.17)mm. There were not statistical significance in width, bottom length and top length between left and right calcarine sulci. More than half of the end part of calcarine sulci turned to the lateral surface of cerebral hemisphere.Totally 63 cases (78.75%) were found with prominent calcar avis. Conclusion Significant difference of depth between left and right calcarine sulcus of female was found. Three-dimensional reconstruction is an effective method to study the anatomy of calcarine sulcus.
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Objective To evaluate the correlation between regional blood perfusion,metabolism and angiogenesis in breast cancer.Methods The PET/CT functional imaging technique was applied to quantitatively detect the central and marginal blood perfusion parameters including blood flow(BF),blood volume(BV)and permeability of surface(Ps),and metabolism index of standard uptake value(SUV)of the tumor in 33 breast cancer patients.The expression of CD31.CD105 and VEGF in paraffin section of breast cancer were detected by immunohistochemical method,then MVD(CD31)and MVD(CD105)were obtained.The relationship between the regional blood perfusion and metabolism and MVD(CD3 1),MVD(CD105)and the expression of VEGF were analyzed. Results There was significant correlation of MVD (CD31)with BF of marginal region(P<0.05).There were significant correlations of MVD(CD105)with BF.PS and SUV(P<0.05). Conclusions Regional blood perfusion,metabolism is correlated with angiogenesis in breast cancer tissue.PETT/CT regional blood perfusion and metabolic imaging iS a noninvasive method which can be used to estimate angiogenesis status clinically in breast cancer.
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Objective To study the developmental process of the region of basal nuclei of postmortem fetuses by 3.0 T and 7.0 T MRI.Methods One hundred and thirty-one postmortem fetuses of 14 to 40 weeks of gestational age(GA)were scanned by 3.0 T MR,of which 11 fetuses of 14-27 weeks of GA were chosen and scanned by 7.0 T MR. The time when the structures in the region of basal nuclei could be detected and the changes of MR signal intensity were analyzed for MRI of different Tesla.Results On 3.0 T MRI.the dorsal thalamus could be delineated as early as 14 weeks of GA. The germinal matrix, caudate nucleus,and putamen could be visualized as early as 15 weeks of GA. The globus pallidus could be described as early as 18 weeks of GA.and the internal capsule and external capsule could be shown as early as 20 weeks of GA. The signal of the caudate nucleus during 15-30 weeks of GA was relatively hypointense on T1WI and hyperintense on T2WI.but during 31-40 weeks of GA, it was relatively hyperintense on T1WI and hypointense on T2WI. The putamen had a relatively high signal intensity on T1WI and low signal intemity on T1WI during 15-17 weeks of GA, and it appeared patchy during 18-25 weeks of GA,then it had a relatively low signal intensity on T1WI and high signal intensity on T2WI during 26-30 weeks of GA, and during 31-40 weeks of GA,its signal intensity was relatively high on T1WI and low on T2WI.The globus pallidus had a relatively high signal intensity on T1WI and low signal intensity on T2WI during 20-40 weeks of GA Compared to the 3.0 T MRI,the T2 images of 7.0 T MRl were more clear,and most structures in the region of basal nuclei could be clearly displayed as early as 16 weeks of GA.such as the germinal matrix,caudate nucleus,dorsal thalamus,putamen,globus pallidus,internal capsule,and external capsule.The claustrum could be delineated as early as 18 weeks of GA on 7.0 T MRI. Conclusions 3.0 T MRI could show the developmental process of the region of basal nuclei well,but the T2 images of 7.0 TMRl were comparatively better.
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Objective To study the capability of high field MRI in demonstrating the post-mortem fetal brains at different gestational age(GA).Methods One hundred and eight post-mortem fetal brains of 14-40 weeks GA were evaluated by 3.0 T MRI. Eleven brains of 14 to 27 weeks GA with good 3.0 T MRI images were chosen and scanned by 7.0 T MRI. The developing sulci, layered structures of fetal cerebral cortex and basal nuclei were evaluated on MRI of different Tesla(3.0 T and 7.0 T)and their results analyzed. Results On T_1 WI of 3.0 T MRI, the layered structures of fetal cerebral cortex were present at 14 weeks GA, the sulci were more accurately identified after 16 weeks GA. The basal nuclei were clearly distinguishable after 20 weeks GA. and these structures were better visualized as the GA increased. On T_2WI of 7.0 T MRI, the sulei, layered structures of fetal cerebral cortex and basal nuclei were shown more clearly at the same GA when compared to 3.0 T, especially the sulci at the early developmental stages. Conclusions T_1 WI of 3.0 T MRI could show the developing structures of post-mortem fetal brain well, but the T_2 WI of 7.0 T MRI were comparatively better.
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Objective To investigate the morphology and relationships with the adjacent structures in the pineal region on the thin sections and to provide anatomic data for imaging diagnosis and surgical treatment of diseases in this region. Methods By CT and MRI examination, one normal head specimen was selected for this study. Using the computerized freezing milling technique, the specimen was sliced from anterior to posterior. The in vivo MR images were obtained from ten normal Chinese male adult volunteers using a 3.0 T GE scanner. The base lines of the sectioning and the MR scan were perpendicular to the AC-PC line. Then primary sections were contrasted with the corresponding MR images. Results By the appearance of the pineal peduncle and the disappearance of the pineal gland, the pineal region could be divided into three parts from anterior to posterior, and the shape changed from an inverted triangle to a trapezoid and a triangle gradually. The first interspace was getting wider in the anterior and middle parts of the pineal region, while in the posterior part of the pineal region, it was getting narrower and disappeared finally. From anterior to posterior, the bilateral internal cerebral veins were always in the midline of the pineal region and descended gradually.Conclusion By the computerized freezing milling technique, the anatomic details and adjacent relationships of the pineal region could be exhibited clearly in the thin serial sections, which could help the imaging diagnosis and surgical treatments for minute diseases in this region.
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Objective To classify the segmental bronchial patterns of the left upper lobe by combining three post-processing images from 64 slice spiral CT and to study how to identify different ramifications in transverse thin-section CT.Methods Totally 204 patients with routine thorax scans were enrolled.The segmental bronchi were demonstrated in terms of bronchial tree,virtual bronchoscopy and thin-section CT three post-processing images.Integrated with the three post-processing images,the segmental bronchial patterns of the left upper lobar bronchi were classified into several main types,and displayed in transverse thin-section CT.Results The segmental bronchial ramifications of the left upper lobe were classified into three types mainly:common stem of apical and posterior segmental bronchi(64%,130/200),trifurcation(23%,45/200),common stem of apical and anterior segmental bronchi(10%,21/200),and they could be identified in two typical slices of transverse thin-section CT.There were two dominating types in the left basilar segmental bronchi:bifurcation(75%,163/216),trifurcation(18%,39/216),and they could also be identified in two typical slices of transverse thin-section CT.Conclusion The segmental bronchi of the left lung can be definitely classified by three post-processing images from 64 slice spiral CT.
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Objective To explore the anatomic characteristics of the bronchi,arteries,and veins of pulmonary segments on the coronal section.Methods Using serial coronal sections of thorax of 20 adult cadavers,multislice spiral CT images of 4 healthy volunteers,the segmental and subsegmental bronchi,arteries,and veins were traced and observed.Results There are 6 key sections for recognition of the segmental and subsegmental bronchovascular structures of the lungs on the coronal section:1.On the section through ascending aorta,the apical,lateral,apicoposterior,anterior,and superior lingular segmental veins appeared.2.On the section through pulmonary bifurcation,the left and right superior pulmonary veins can be seen under the pulmonary bifurcation.It appears on the coronal sections of 11 cadavers(55%) that apicoposterior segmental vein,anterior segmental vein,and lingular venous trunk drained into left superior pulmonary vein simultaneously.3.On the section through bifurcation of trachea,left and right superior lobar bronchi and their branches are demonstrated clearly.Under the bifurcation of trachea,it can be seen that left and right inferior pulmonary veins empty them into left atrium.4.On the section through intermediate bronchus,the origins of segmental bronchi,arteries,and veins of inferior lobes of bilateral lungs can be found.5.On the section through thoracic aorta,superior segmental and lateroposterior basal segmental bronchovasclature appeared mainly.6.On the section through spinal column,the inferior lobes of bilateral lungs shows the bronchi,arteries,and veins of superior,lateral basal,and posterior basal segments mainly.Conclusions The pulmonary segmental arteries and veins can be recognized exactly by tracing bronchi carefully on the coronal section.
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Objective To evaluate neurovascular anatomical relationship in patients with trigeminal neuralgia.Methods 49 patients with neuralgia were examined by MRI 3D-CISS in combination with 3D-TOF and MPR technique.The MRI findings were compared to the partial operative results.Results 13 patients who underwent surgery were considered as a responsible compression of vessel on 3D-CISS and 3D-TOF imaging,the compression caused by artery and vein was seen in operation in 10 cases and 3 cases respectively.18 (90%) of 20 patients with the symptom of maxillary division had neurovascular compression at the medial site of the root of trigeminal nervus,while 15(79%) of 19 patients with the symptom of mandibular division had compression at the lateral site.Conclusion 3D-CISS MR imaging is useful in the detection of neurovascular relationship and correlation between the region of neuralgic manifestation and the site of trigeminal nerve compression.
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Objective To localize precisely cerebral central sulcus on the coronal MR imaging. Methods The serieses of 4 mm thickness coronal sections and coronal MR images of brain were prepared on 30 cadaver heads. The preparation of the brain slices in correspondence with MR scan took the line perpendicular to the midpoint of intercommissural line as base one. The important cerebral gyri of cadaver were painted different colors. The coronal MR images of 6 volunteers were also prepared. The localization of central sulcus on the coronal sections was studied by the comparison of MR images with serial coronal sections of the brains. Results On the section of the central sulcus appearing for the first time, the appearing rate of dorsal thalamus was: left side 93%, right side 97%; the appearing rate of pyramidal tract was: left side 20%, right side 13%. The central sulcus almost disappeared on the section through the posterior border of splenium of corpus callosum, the appearing rate of the central sulcus on the superolateral surface was 33% on the both sides. Conclusion The central sulcus appears for the first time on the 1-2 sections which the dorsal thalamus appears on but the pyramidal tract doesn′t appear. On the section through pyramidal tract, the superior frontal, precentral and postcentral gyri can be identified according to the three medullary branches on superolateral surface of cerebral hemispheres. The central sulcus has almost disappeared on the section through the posterior border of splenium of corpus callosum.
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Objective The purpose of this study was to provide practical anatomic data for the imaging diagnosis and surgical treatment of the disease of the subphrenic spaces. Methods Sectional anatomy of the subphrenic spaces on the coronal plane were investigated on 30 sets of serial coronal sections of superior abdomen of Chinese adult cadavers and MR imaging of 2 abdomen of cadavers. Results Subphrenic spaces were divided into perihepatic spaces and perisplenic spaces on the coronal plane.The space between the anterior margin of left gastropancreatic fold and the posterior layer of hepatogastric ligament is the only direct communication between the superior and inferior recesses of the lesser sac.Its communicating type is divided into three types on the coronal plane.The right layer of the gastrophrenic ligament is continuous with the posterior layer of the lesser omentum,the left layer of the gastrophrenic ligament is continuous with the right layer of the phrenicosplenic ligament and the posterior layer of the gastrosplenic ligament.Left gastropancreatic fold is continued to the left and right layers of gastrophrenic ligament upward.The bare area of stomach is located between the left and right layers of gastrophrenic ligament,its existing rate is 100%.The bare area of spleen is located among phrenicosplenic ligament,gastrosplenic ligament,splenorenal ligament and splenocoloic ligament.Its the most width exists at the splenorenal ligament.It is divided into the part of the splenic hilus and the splenorenal part.Its maximum is 2 64?1 16 cm,4 16?2 24 cm respectively. Conclusion The coronal plane is dominant for showing left gastropancreatic fold and the communication relationship between superior and inferior recesses of the lesser sac.The superior and inferior recesses of the lesser sac that may communicate with each other is 73 3 percent of all the cases studied