Synthesis and characterization of novel 1,6-dihydropyrimidine derivatives for their pharmacological properties

The present research work involves the use of commercially available thiophene-2-carbaldehyde as a starting materialto construct novel pyrimidine compounds. Synthesis of pyrimidine derivatives has been done by the trimolecularBiginelli condensation reaction, which involves the use of thiophene-2-carbaldehyde with cyano ethylacetate andthiourea to yield 4-oxo-6-(thiophen-2-yl)-2-thioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-5-carbonitrile (1). The intermediate 1was methylated using methyl iodide and K2CO3 in dimethylformamide (DMF) which afforded dimethylated derivative1-methyl-2-(methylthio)-6-oxo-4-(thiophen-2-yl)-1,6-dihydropyrimidine-5-carbonitrile (2). The intermediatecompound 2 when refluxed with hydrazine hydrate in ethanol as a solvent led to the formation of the parent compound2-hydrazineyl-1-methyl-6-oxo-4-(thiophen-2-yl)-1,6-dihydropyrimidine-5-carbonitrile (3), the parent compound 3was used for the synthesis of carboxamides of N′-(5-cyano-1-methyl-6-oxo-4-(thiophen-2-yl)-1,6-dihydropyrimidin2-yl)substituted benzohydrazide (4a–d) and Schiff bases of (E)-2-(2-substituted benzylidenehydrazineyl)-1-methyl6-oxo-4-(thiophen-2-yl)-1,6-dihydropyrimidine-5-carbonitrile (5a–g). Selected title compounds are screened forantibacterial, analgesic, and antifungal activities.

A Comparative Study Of Efficacy Of Topical Difluprednate Ophthalmic Emulsion 0.05% Eyedrops With Betamethasone Suspension 0.1% In Postoperative Small Incision Cataract Surgery

Postoperative operative inflammation following cataract surgery is common occurrence may be due to severalsurgery-dependent factors such as surgical trauma, intraocular lens type, and due to various physical, chemicaland biological agents introduced during surgery and also on patient-dependent factors such as history ofinflammatory disease and degree of iris pigmentation. Anti-inflammatory agents are routinely prescribedfollowing cataract extraction surgery to resolve signs and symptoms of inflammation more rapidly and toimprove patient comfort. For the treatment of postoperative ocular inflammation and pain the most widelyprescribed topical corticosteroid is betamethasone 0.1%, and Difluprednate ophthalmic emulsion 0.05% astrong topical steroid. Hence, this study was to compare the efficacy and safety of topical corticosteroidsDifluprednate 0.05% and betamethasone 0.1%, in managing inflammation and pain following post cataractextraction surgery. In a total 100 patients were randomized into two groups Group –A (50 patients) prescribingtopical Difluprednate emulsion 0.05% and Group-B (50 patients) prescribing betamethasone phosphate 0.1%.in our observation after 15 days no pain in group-A, after 30 days no one are having corneal oedema in groupA. Difluprednate emulsion 0.05% drug was efficient in the reduction of anterior chamber cells and flare withbetamethasone phosphate 0.1% being more rapid. Based on our findings and previous study results,Difluprednate emulsion 0.05% can be used in post-operative management post cataract surgery, however,further clinical trials with long follow- up periods are required.

A Study Of Corneal Injuries In Rims Teaching Hospital

Corneal injuries remain an important cause of avoidable and, predominantly, monocular visual morbidity, themain strategy to prevent these injuries has been to educate people to identify high-risk situations and to takecorrect action to avoid danger. Present study conducted in the department of ophthalmology of Raichur instituteof Medical sciences teaching Hospital, with 49 patients of ocular trauma above 14 years of either sex wassubjected to slit lamp examination to ensure the cornea is involved the etiology of the injury was noted. Then thepattern of the corneal injury was studied under the slit lamp examination. The Prevalence of corneal blindnesswas 10.20% (5) were had corneal blindness in both eyes and 24.49% (12) were had corneal blindness in one eyein Raichur. The majority of corneal injuries are avoidable. Eye health promotion strategies are warranted toraise awareness about the causes and prevention of corneal blindness.

Prevalence And Evaluation Of Refractive Errors In Children Between The Ages 10-15 Years In Rims Teaching Hospital Raichur

Purpose: Prevalence, diagnosis and treatment of refractive error is relativity simple and easiest way to reduceimpaired vision, population-based data in children are not sufficiently available for India. In view of importance of detecting the refractive error in children an effort is going to be made in this study. To find out the extentof problem of refractive errors among children in Raichur.Materials and Methods: the prospective study was conducted with 100 number 10-15 years children from theRaichur. All the children were examined with visual acuity by snellen’s chart, Examination of anterior andposterior segment, Retinoscope, trail set and cycloplegic refraction followed by subjective correction will bedone.Results: The prevalence of Refractive error in the 10-15 years children was found to be 11%, higher in 15 years(3%), more in girls (6%) and in urban area children had more prevalence (7%). Myopia was the commonest typeof refractive error in this study which constitutes 55%, Astigmatism 27% and 18% of hypermetropia was seen inthe 10-15yrs children.Conclusion: Most of the children are unaware of Refractive error, so screening of children is very important.Parents have to take the responsibility of this screening for vision error and they should monitor the their visionvial watching tv, reading books. The screening system should be yearly at least 3 time a year to every childespecially 14-15 years student.

A Study Of Comparison Of Subtenon’s Anaesthesia With Peribulbar Anaesthesia In Manual Small Incision Cataract Surgery In Rims Teaching Hospital Raichur

Purpose: This study is being taken for comparing the efficacy and complications encountered between subtenonanaesthesia and peribulbar anaesthesia in manual small incision cataract surgery in RIMS teaching hospitalRaichur.Materials and Methods: This comparative study was done on 50 patients (group 1 subtenon anaesthesia (n=25)and group 2 peribulbar anaesthesia (n=25)) with senile cataractwith visual acuity CF/HMundergoing lens extraction by manual small incision cataract surgery with posterior chamber intra ocular lens implantation atinthe Department of Ophthalmology, RIMS teaching hospital Raichur.Results: 56% Subtenon’s anaesthesia group patients, and 32% Peribulbar anaesthesia group patients had nopain, when it compared it is statistically significant (0.048), 20% Subtenon’s anaesthesia group patients, and64% Peribulbar anaesthesia group patients had no grade 0, when it compared it is statistically significant(0.004), and 20% Subtenon’s anaesthesia group patients, and 64% Peribulbar anaesthesia group patients had nograde 0, when it compared it is statistically significant (0.004).Conclusion: Subtenon’s anaesthesia is a safe and effective substitute for preibulbar anaesthesia in Manualsmallincision cataract surgery.

Effect of ranolazine on HbA1c and blood glucose levels in diabetic patients with chronic angina

Background: Diabetes mellitus is the fifth leading cause of death worldwide and is one of the common co-morbid conditions associated with coronary artery disease (CAD). The overall prevalence of CAD is 7.4% but the prevalence of CAD in diabetics is 9%. Hence treatment of hyperglycemia is a key goal of secondary preventive therapy with a target of reducing HbA1c to <7%. The risk of CAD has been reported to occur 2 to3 decades prior in diabetics compared to non-diabetics. Hence discovery of drugs with potential role in both diabetes and CAD seems to be necessary. Ranolazine is a novel oral anti anginal drug known to reduce HbA1c and fasting blood glucose levels in angina patients with diabetes. The objective of this study is to show the effect of ranolazine (antianginal drug) on HbA1c and fasting blood glucose levels in diabetic patients with chronic angina.Methods: Patients were divided into: Group 1 continued with previous antidiabetic drugs and antianginal drugs. Group 2 were prescribed Tab ranolazine 1000mg b.d (orally) as add on therapy along with previous antidiabetic drugs and antianginal drugs.Results: There was a significant reduction in HbA1c and FBS levels in Group 2 patients who were on ranolazine. Reduction of HbA1c in group1 and Group 2 was 0.21�65% and 1.30�16% respectively. Reduction of FBS in group1 and group2 was 10.66�.80mg/dl and 29.97�.49mg/dl respectively.Conclusions: From the present study we can conclude that ranolazine, an antianginal drug when given at a dose of 1000mg bd in diabetic patients with chronic angina reduces HbA1c and FBS levels.

Comparison of Tele Screening for Retinopathy of Prematurity Screening and Impact of Neonatal Team Support in Government and Private Centers in Rural Bijapur District of Southern India

Purpose: To compare the incidence of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) with neonatal support provided during tele-ROP screening between government and private hospitals in rural Bijapur district of Karnataka. Methods: One government and four private hospitals under the ROP screening program between July 2011 and July 2012 were included. All infants born <2000 g at birth were imaged on a weekly basis. Centers were classified as “supportive” or “non-supportive” based on the support extended to the visiting team. Yield of enrollment and disease burden were compared between the centers. Results: Of the 145 infants analyzed, the mean incidence of any stage and treated ROP in the government center was 27.3% and 0% versus 36.6% and 9.7% in the private units, respectively. The proportion of infants enrolled in the government hospital was 40.7% versus 88.9% (mean) in the private hospitals. In the two “supportive” hospitals, the enrollment was 100% and 159.3% respectively, whereas it was 38.7% and 58.7% respectively in “non-supportive” units. Conclusions: The incidence of ROP in rural Bijapur is comparable to urban centers in India. Good pediatric and nursing support enhances infant enrollment into an ROP screening program. Private hospitals may have higher treatable ROP because of the sicker infants they admit. The report emphasizes the need to strengthen ROP screening programs in rural India.

A cross sectional study on demographic profile and role of education in adolescent girls.

Adolescent is a period of rapid growth and maturation in human development. It is a crucial period of women’s life where sociocultural factors not only influence her health but also health of future generation. Hidden behind the socially sanctioned cloak of marriage, underage girls are deprived of their personal freedom, forced into non-consensual sex, exploitation of their labour and discrimination of their educational development and individual life choices. A community based cross sectional study was carried out among 250 adolescent girls aged 13 -19 years. This age group was considered for the study because of marked acceleration of physical and emotional development which occurs during this period. Aim of this study was to find out the incidence of early marriage and pregnancies among adolescent girls and the impact of education. It was observed that 18.8% of adolescents were married and 8.4% were pregnant at one or the other time. Pressure of elders was the major reason for early marriage (53%) and early pregnancy (57%) among married girls. The education of adolescent girls plays a major role on the marital status and awareness of the health problems.

Ruptured hydatid cyst of lung.

We report a case of 26 year old woman who had ruptured hydatid cyst of the right lung. The chest radiograph and CT features were suggestive of a ruptured hydatid cyst with detached and collapsed endocyst within the exocyst. Intraoperatively communication between cyst and bronchus could be demonstrated. Interesting CT appearance and demonstrable communication of cyst with bronchus is the reason for this case report.

Follicular dendritic cell tumor of mesentery--a case report.

Follicular dendritic cell sarcoma also known as dendritic reticulum cell tumor is uncommon. It can arise in lymph nodes and extra nodal sites namely tonsils and intra abdominal locations. The tumor morphologically mimicks soft tissue sarcomas and hence requires immunohistochemical study for correct diagnosis. It pursues an indolent protracted course with recurrence and still be compatible with long survival. We report a case of follicular dendritic cell tumor of mesentery.