ABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of phytogenic additives and glutamine plus glutamic acid, associated or not, on histomorphometry of bursa of Fabricius and small intestine, oocyst count and lesion scores, and carbon turnover of duodenal mucosa of broiler chickens infected with Eimeria acervulina. A total of 450 male broiler chickens was distributed into a completely randomized design with six treatments and three replications. Treatments consisted of control diet (CD); CD + coccidiosis vaccine; CD + antibiotic performance enhancers and anticoccidial (APE/AC); CD + glutamine and glutamic acid (Gln/Glu); CD + phytogenic additives (PA); CD + Gln/Glu + PA. Birds on treatment CD + vaccine were vaccinated via drinking water at three days of age against coccidiosis. At 16 days of age all birds of all treatments were inoculated orally and individually with 500,000 oocysts of Eimeria acervulina. There was no treatment effect on lesion score in the intestinal epithelium of birds. The smaller number of excreted oocysts was observed in groups of birds fed diets containing APE/AC and PA. Were observed better results of villus height and crypt depth for duodenum and ileum of birds of treatments containing Gln/Glu at 7 days of age, and Gln/Glu and PA at 21 days of age. Higher percentage of cortical area from bursa follicles was observed in birds fed diets supplemented with Gln/Glu and PA at 7, 14 and 21 days of age. Increased turnover of intestinal mucosa was observed in treatments containing Gln/Glu, indicating acceleration in development and regeneration of damaged tissue. Glutamine plus glutamic acid and phytogenic additives can provide improvements to structure, and thus to intestinal function, as well as to better immune response against the infectious challenges. Phytogenic additives can be used for coccidiosis control of broiler chickens where the use of antibiotic performance enhancers and anticoccidials is prohibited...
O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito dos aditivos fitogênicos e da glutamina mais ácido glutâmico, associados ou não, sobre a histomorfometria da Bursa de Fabricius e intestino delgado, sobre contagem de oocistos e escores de lesão e sobre o turnover do carbono da mucosa intestinal de frangos de corte experimentalmente infectadas com Eimeria acervulina. Para isso foram utilizados 450 pintos de corte machos distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualisado, com seis tratamentos e três repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram de dieta controle (DC); DC + Vacina de coccidiose; DC + antibióticos melhoradores de desempenho e anticoccidiano (AMD/AC); DC + glutamina e ácido glutâmico (Gln/Glu); DC + sditivos fitogênicos (AFs); DC + Gln/Glu + AFs. As aves do tratamento DC + Vacina foram vacinadas via água de bebida, aos três dias de idade, contra coccidiose. Aos 16 dias de idade todas as aves de todos os tratamentos foram inoculadas oralmente e individualmente com 500.000 oocistos de Eimeria acervulina. Não houve efeito dos tratamentos para escore de lesão no epitélio intestinal das aves. O menor número de oocistos excretados foi observado nos grupos de aves alimentadas com dieta contendo AMD/AC e AFs. Foram observados melhores resultados para altura das vilosidades e profundidade das criptas do duodeno e ílio das aves dos tratamentos contendo Gln/Glu, aos 7 dias de idade e Gln/Glu e AFs aos 21 dias de idade. Maior porcentagem de área cortical dos folículos bursais foi observada em aves alimentadas com dieta suplementada com Gln/Glu e AFs aos 7, 14 e 21 dias de idade. Maior turnover da mucosa intestinal foi observada em aves dos tratamentos contendo Gln/Glu, indicando aceleração do desenvolvimento e regeneração do tecido lesado. Glutamina mais ácido glutâmico e aditivos fitogênicos podem oferecer melhorias à estrutura e, consequentemente, à função do intestino, bem como melhores condições para resposta imune frente à desafios infecciosos...
Subject(s)
Animals , Glutamic Acid/therapeutic use , Bursa of Fabricius/anatomy & histology , Galliformes/microbiology , Glutamine/therapeutic use , Parasite Egg Count/veterinary , Eimeria/parasitology , Intestine, Small/microbiology , Intestinal Mucosa/injuriesABSTRACT
Background Environmental devastation threatens the survival of many species, including venomous snakes such as the South American rattlesnake Crotalus durissus terrificus. This observation is based on the decrease of snakes collected and donated to Brazilian research institutes. Nevertheless, some individuals have managed to survive and procreate. The question is how these snakes are adapting in these new environmental conditions.Methods To answer it, the carbon-13 level of rattlesnakes and their feed (either laboratory or wild mice) was evaluated by isotope-ratio mass spectrometry. Thus, rattle segments from 16 adults and 15 offspring of captive snakes, and of three wild newborn C. d. terrificus were evaluated as well as 17 Mus musculus mice captured in traps, four live feeder mice and the ration offered to mice at animal houses.Results The isotopic exchange time of the captive adult snakes (n = 16) varied between 33 and 37 months and of captive-born animals (n = 15), until reaching a plateau of equilibrium, varied from 18 to 24 months. Regarding the captured Mus musculus (n = 17), 88.23% (n = 15) were from a C4 environment. Of the six rattle rings from offspring of captured C. d. terrificus, five were from a C4environment, whereas of the 170 rattle rings studied, 60% originated from a C3 environment and 40% from a C4. The same carbon-13 values were found in captive snakes.Conclusions Based on the present results, it can be inferred that most C. d. terrificus snakes (60%) fed animals from a C3environment; birds consist of an alimentary alternative for snakes, as well as rodents, small reptiles and amphibians; different venom compositions among snakes from the same region may be related to the food type; the primary rattle of offspring reflects the maternal diet during gestation; and, finally, the different rattle rings indicate the alimentary history of these animals.(AU)
Subject(s)
Crotalus/anatomy & histology , History , IsotopesABSTRACT
Background Environmental devastation threatens the survival of many species, including venomous snakes such as the South American rattlesnake Crotalus durissus terrificus. This observation is based on the decrease of snakes collected and donated to Brazilian research institutes. Nevertheless, some individuals have managed to survive and procreate. The question is how these snakes are adapting in these new environmental conditions.Methods To answer it, the carbon-13 level of rattlesnakes and their feed (either laboratory or wild mice) was evaluated by isotope-ratio mass spectrometry. Thus, rattle segments from 16 adults and 15 offspring of captive snakes, and of three wild newborn C. d. terrificus were evaluated as well as 17 Mus musculus mice captured in traps, four live feeder mice and the ration offered to mice at animal houses.Results The isotopic exchange time of the captive adult snakes (n = 16) varied between 33 and 37 months and of captive-born animals (n = 15), until reaching a plateau of equilibrium, varied from 18 to 24 months. Regarding the captured Mus musculus (n = 17), 88.23% (n = 15) were from a C4 environment. Of the six rattle rings from offspring of captured C. d. terrificus, five were from a C4environment, whereas of the 170 rattle rings studied, 60% originated from a C3 environment and 40% from a C4. The same carbon-13 values were found in captive snakes.Conclusions Based on the present results, it can be inferred that most C. d. terrificus snakes (60%) fed animals from a C3environment; birds consist of an alimentary alternative for snakes, as well as rodents, small reptiles and amphibians; different venom compositions among snakes from the same region may be related to the food type; the primary rattle of offspring reflects the maternal diet during gestation; and, finally, the different rattle rings indicate the alimentary history of these animals.
Subject(s)
Animals , Adaptation to Disasters , Carbon , Crotalus cascavella , Diet , IsotopesABSTRACT
Neste trabalho, objetivou-se analisar isotopicamente méis comercializados nas regiões Sul e Sudeste do Brasil, para a detecção de fraude. Foram colhidas amostras comerciais com registro no Serviço de Inspeção Federal, Estadual ou Municipal. As amostras foram submetidas à combustão no Analisador Elementar EA 1108 CHN e analisadas no espectrômetro de massas de razão isotópica DELTA-S (Finningan Mat). Os valores isotópicos (δ13C) dos méis in natura foram comparados aos de suas respectivas proteínas (padrão interno). Foram consideradas adulteradas as amostras cuja diferença entre o valor isotópico da proteína e do mel foi igual ou inferior a -1. As amostras consideradas adulteradas pela análise isotópica foram submetidas a testes químicos qualitativos que não foram capazes de indicar adulteração para algumas delas. Das 61 amostras analisadas, 18,0 por cento encontram-se adulteradas, sendo 11,5 por cento na Região Sudeste e 6,5 por cento na Região Sul. Ao contrário dos testes químicos, a análise isotópica mostrou-se eficaz em identificar e quantificar a adulteração de méis comerciais.
The aim of this study was the isotopic evaluation of honey traded in the Southern and Southeastern Brazilian regions, to detect fraud. Commercial samples, registered in the municipal, State or Federal Inspection Service, were collected and submitted to combustion in the EA 1108 CHN Elemental Analyzer and analyzed in the DELTA-S (Finningan Mat.) isotope ratio mass spectrometer. The isotopic values (δ13C) of in natura honey were compared to their respective proteins (internal standard). Samples whose difference between the isotopic value of protein and honey was equal or inferior to -1 were considered adulterated. The samples considered adulterated were submitted to qualitative chemical tests which were unable to show adulteration for some of them. Among the 61 samples analyzed, 18.0 percent were adulterated; 11.5 percent in the Southeastern and 6.5 percent in the Southern region. Unlike chemical tests, isotopic analysis has shown to be efficient to identify and quantify adulteration in commercial honey.