Leaf extract of Coffea arabica L. reduces lipid peroxidation and has anti-platelet effect in a rat dyslipidemia model

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant potential of the Coffea arabica Lineu (L.) leaf extract and its effects on platelet aggregation of dyslipidemic rats. The extract was obtained by the percolation of C. arabica L. leaves in hydroethanolic solution 70% (v/v). The mass spectrometry FIA-ESI-MS² suggested the presence of chlorogenic acid, rutin acid, and quinic acid. The DPPH• radicals scavenging capacity was demonstrated (IC50 = 0.06 mg/mL). The extract was administered to rats by gavage (300 mg/kg/day) for 56 days. Dyslipidemia was induced by administering Triton WR-1339 (300 mg/kg body weight) on the 54th day. On day 56, blood was collected by puncturing the abdominal aorta artery and the aortic artery was removed. Lipid profile, markers of renal and hepatic injury, lipid peroxidation, and platelet aggregation tests were carried out. The ingestion of extract reduced the lipid peroxidation (aorta and plasma) and platelet aggregation in dyslipidemic rats. The extract did not affect markers of renal and hepatic function as analyzed in this study, suggesting neither impaired liver nor kidney function in these animals. Therefore, our results demonstrate that the extract of leaves of C. arabica L. show antioxidant potential in vitro and in vivo as well as anti-platelet aggregation in dyslipidemic animals

Study and evaluation of antimicrobial activity and antioxidant capacity of dry extract and fractions of leaves of Raphanus sativus var. oleiferus Metzg / Estudo e avaliação da atividade antimicrobiana e capacidade antioxidante do extrato seco e frações de folhas de Raphanus sativus var. oleiferus Metzg

The radish (Raphanus sativus L.) is a vegetable of the Brassicaceae family cultivated worldwide and has several medicinal properties. Its biological activities are related to various secondary metabolites present in the species, especially phenolics. Thus, the objectives of this study were the chemical analysis and evaluation of the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the dry extract and fractions of the fodder turnip leaves (R. sativus var. oleiferus Metzg.). Samples were analyzed by mass spectrometry and the antioxidant activity was evaluated using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical method and the reducing power method. Antimicrobial activity was determined by the agar diffusion and microdilution methods. The total phenols were concentrated in the butanol fraction (121.27 mg GAE/g) and the flavonoids were concentrated in the ethyl acetate fraction (98.02 mg EQ/g). The ethyl acetate fraction showed the best antioxidants results, with 83.45% of free radical scavenging and 11.34% of ferric ions reduction. The analysis of antimicrobial activity showed that the dry extract had the highest average zone of inhibition against Bacillus subtilis (18.67 mm). Smaller values of the minimum inhibitory concentration for Micrococcus luteus were, and the ethyl acetate fraction showed a lower minimum inhibitory concentration (0.1 mg/ml) for that microorganism. There was a strong correlation between the antioxidant activity and the content of phenols and flavonoids. The results showed the potential antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of this extract with the ethyl acetate fraction being most promising for further studies.

O rabanete(Raphanus sativus L.) é um vegetal da família Brassicaceae cultivado em todo o mundo e possui diversas propriedades medicinais. Suas atividades biológicas estão relacionadas aos vários metabólitos secundários presentes na espécie, especialmente os compostos fenólicos. Desta forma, os objetivos deste estudo foram realizar análises químicas e avaliar as atividades antioxidante e antimicrobiana do extrato seco e das frações das folhas de R. sativus var. oleiferus Metzg. As amostras foram analisadas em espectrômetro de massas e o potencial antioxidante foi avaliado pelos métodos do radical DPPH (2,2-difenil-1-picrilhidrazila) e do poder redutor. A atividade antimicrobiana foi determinada pelos métodos de difusão em ágar e da microdiluição. Observou-se que os fenóis totais se concentraram na fração butanólica (121,27 mg EAG/g), enquanto que e os teores de flavonoides concentraram-se na fração acetato de etila (98,02 mg EQ/g). A fração acetato de etila apresentou os melhores resultados antioxidantes, com porcentagem de sequestro dos radicais DPPH de 83,45% e com porcentagem de redução dos íons férrico de 11,34%. A análise da atividade antimicrobiana revelou que o extrato seco teve maior média de halos de inibição frente ao Bacillus subtilis(18,67 mm). Os menores valores da concentração inibitória mínima foram para Micrococcus luteus, sendo que a fração acetato de etila demonstrou menor concentração inibitória mínima (0,1 mg/mL) para esse micro-organismo. Houve uma forte correlação entre a atividade antioxidante e o teor de fenóis e de flavonoides. Os resultados demonstraram potenciais ações antioxidante e antimicrobiana do extrato e das frações avaliados, sendo a fração acetato de etila promissora para estudos posteriores.

Jejum Pré-Operatório: Consensos e Controvérsias / Preoperative fasting: consensuses and controversie

Introdução: A prática do jejum pré-operatório se consolidou no século XX e prosseguiu praticamente inalterada até os anos 80, onde passou a ser reestruturada. Diante disso, o presente artigo tem o intuito de realizar uma revisão sobre o jejum pré operatório orientado na literatura comparando-o com o que é encontrado dentro da realidade brasileira. Metodologia: Trata-se de um estudo de revisão da literatura, de natureza exploratória, realizada por meio de pesquisa de artigos científicos, dissertações e teses disponíveis nas bases de dados online. Resultados: a American Society of Anesthesiologists desenvolveu a Task "Force on Preoperative Fasting" que estabelece para líquidos claros um jejum mínimo de 2 horas e para dieta leve de 6 horas. No Brasil, um estudo com 3.175 pacientes revelou que 46% deles jejuaram por um período superior a 12 horas. Discussão: Além de não aumentar a possibilidade de danos, observa-se que a redução do tempo de jejum pré-operatório está associada a benefícios no processo de recuperação do paciente. Dentre as causas para o jejum prolongado nas instituições de saúde do Brasil estão o atraso nas operações, a transferência de horário e de período ou o seu adiamento para o próximo dia. Conclusão: o aprimoramento do jejum pré-operatório é necessário, tendo como estratégia a melhor comunicação entre equipes médicas e de enfermagem e o paciente atendido nas instituições hospitalares. (AU)

Background: The practice of preoperative fasting was consolidated in the twentieth century and remained unchanged until the 1980s, when it was questioned. Therefore, the present article aims to review the preoperative fasting oriented in the literature comparing it with what is found in Brazilian reality. Methods: This is an exploratory literature review study, conducted through research of scientific articles, dissertations and theses available in online databases. Results: The American Society of Anesthesiologists has developed the Task Force on Preoperative Fasting, which establishes for clear liquids a minimum fasting of 2 hours and 6 hours for a light diet. In Brazil, a study with 3,175 patients revealed that 46% of them fasted for more than 12 hours. Discussion: In addition to not increasing the possibility of damage, it is observed that the reduction of preoperative fasting time is associated with benefits in patient's recovery process. Causes of prolonged fasting in Brazilian health institutions include delayed operations, changes on time and period, or postponement to the next day. Conclusions: the improvement of preoperative fasting is necessary, having as strategy a better communication between medical and nursing teams and the patients treated at hospitals. (AU)

Avaliação da atividade antioxidante e antimicrobiana dos extratos e frações orgânicas de Mimosa caesalpiniifolia Benth. (Mimosaceae) / Assessment of the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of the organic extracts and fractions of Mimosa caesalpiniifolia Benth. (Mimosaceae)

A espécie Mimosa caesalpiniifolia Benth. (Mimosaceae), conhecida popularmente como sabiá e cerva viva, é uma planta arbórea encontrada na caatinga nordestina brasileira, amplamente utilizada pela população na forma de infusões para o tratamento de feridas, bronquites e anti-inflamatório. Diante do exposto, os objetivos deste estudo, foram determinar as atividades antioxidantes e antimicrobianas do extrato etanólico das folhas (EHM), caules (EHL), cascas do caule (EHC), raízes (EHR) e frações obtidas das folhas de M. caesalpiniifolia Benth. A atividade antioxidante foi avaliada através do método de captação do radical DPPH, enquanto a atividade antimicrobiana foi avaliada pelo método de microdiluição em caldo, sobre leveduras, bactérias Gram-positivas e Gram-negativas. A capacidade antioxidante mostrou que a fração acetato de etila (Fr-EtOAc) foi diretamente proporcional ao teor de polifenóis totais com IC50 de 20,08 ± 0,10 ?g/mL e 721,29±0,60 mg de EAG (equivalentes de ácido gálico) por g de extrato. Na atividade antimicrobiana, todos os extratos e frações exibiram atividade inibitória de crescimento frente aos micro-organismos microrganismos avaliados e em concentrações variando de 5 a 1000 ?g/mL. A Fr-EtOAc apresentou valores promissores de inibição de crescimento frente a fungos, como Candida glabrata (ATCC 90030) e Candida krusei (ATCC 6258), com concentrações de 20 e 40 ?g/mL, respectivamente. Estes resultados são importantes, pois são os primeiros a serem realizados com a espécie M. caesalpiniifolia.

The species Mimosa caesalpiniifolia Benth. (Mimosaceae), popularly known as thrush and hind alive, is a tree found in Brazilian caaringa, widely used by the population in the form of infusions for the treatment of wounds, bronchitis and anti-inflammatory. Thus, the goal of this study was to determine the antioxidant and anti-microbial activity of ethanolic extracts from the leaves (EHM), trunks (EHL), trunk barks (EHC), roots (EHR) and fractions obtained from the leaves of M. caesalpiniifolia Benth., used by the populations as popular medication as an anti-inflammatory medication and as a relief to respiratory problems. The antioxidant action was evaluated through the capturing the radical DPPH, while the antimicrobial action was evaluated through the method of micro-dilution in broth, on yeasts, Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The antioxidant capacity has shown that the ethyl-acetate fraction (Fr-EtOAc) was directly proportional to the poly-phenol contents with an IC50 at 20.08 ± 0,10?g/ mL and 721.29±0.60mg of EAG (gallic acid equivalents) per g of the extract. As regards the antimicrobial activity, the extracts and fractions showed a growth-inhibiting activity for the micro-organisms evaluated and in concentrations from 5 to 1000?g/mL. The Fr-EtOAc showed promising growth-inhibiting figures in the case of yeasts such as Candida glabrata (ATCC 90030) and Candida krusei (ATCC 6258), in 20 and 40?g/mL concentrations, respectively. These results are important as they are the first to be obtained with the M. Caesalpiniifolia species.

Chronic administration of Abarema cochliacarpos attenuates colonic inflammation in rats

Inflammatory bowel diseases are characterized by a chronic clinical course of relapse and remission associated with self-destructive inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. Active extracts from plants have emerged as natural potential candidates for its treatment. Abarema cochliacarpos (Gomes) Barneby & Grimes, Fabaceae (Barbatimão), is a native medicinal plant in to Brazil. Previously we have demonstrated in an acute colitis model a marked protective effect of a butanolic extract, so we decided to assess its anti-inflammatory effect in a chronic ulcerative colitis model induced by trinitrobenzensulfonic acid (TNBS). Abarema cochliacarpos (150 mg/day, v.o.) was administered for fourteen consecutive days. This treatment decreased significantly macroscopic damage as compared with TNBS. Histological analysis showed that the extract improved the microscopic structure. Myeloperoxidase activity (MPO) was significantly decreased. Study of cytokines showed that TNF-α was diminished and IL-10 level was increased after Abarema cochliacarpos treatment. In order to elucidate inflammatory mechanisms, expression of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were studied showing a significant downregulation. In addition, there was reduction in the JNK and p-38 activation. Finally, IκB degradation was blocked by Abarema cochliacarpos treatment being consistent with an up-regulation of the NF-kappaB-binding activity. These results reinforce the anti-inflammatory effects described previously suggesting that Abarema cochliacarpos could provide a source for the search for new anti-inflammatory compounds useful in ulcerative colitis treatment.

Características químicas e valores energéticos de farelos de soja do oeste e sudoeste do Paraná / Chemistry characteristics and energetics values of soybean meals

Foi realizado um estudo para determinar a variabilidade de características químicas e valores energéticos de farelos de soja (FS) do oeste e sudoeste do Paraná. Foram estudadas 40 amostras colhidas em 10 processadores e distribuidores durante quatro meses consecutivos. Houve diferenças (P<0,05) entre os teores de matéria seca (MS) dos farelos de soja (FS) analisados. O FS 10 apresentou menor (P<0,05) teor de MS (86,72 por cento) em relação aos FS 2, 4, 5, 6 e 9 (88,96, 90,60, 89,19, 89,08 e 88,72 por cento, respectivamente). O FS 4 teve menor conteúdo de Ca (0,31 por cento), enquanto os FS 5 e 7 mostraram os maiores teores de Ca (0,36 e 0,36 por cento, respectivamente). Ocorreram diferenças (P<0,05) entre os valores de energia metabolizável verdadeira (EMVn) calculados, com o FS 8 apresentando a maior concentração (2,65Mcal kg-1) e os FS 5 e 10 os menores teores de energia calculados (2,51 e 2,50Mcal kg-1, respectivamente). Pode-se concluir que a composição química dos farelos de soja das regiões oeste e sudoeste do Paraná apresenta pouca variação e, exceto para a fibra em detergente neutro, fibra em detergente ácido, ferro e manganês, os valores encontrados são próximos daqueles citados na literatura.

A study was conducted to determine the variability on chemical and nutritional characteristics of soybean meal from the West and Southwest Paraná state. Forty samples of soybean meal were collected in ten different processors and distributors during four months consecutively. There were differences (P<0.05) among the dry matter (DM) in samples of soybean meal analyzed. The soybean meal 10 had less (P<0.05) level of DM (86.72 percent) compared with soybean meals 2, 4, 5, 6 and 9 (88.96, 90.60, 89.19, 89.08 and 88.72 percent, respectively). The soybean meal 4 showed less content of Ca (0.31 percent), while the soybean meals 5 and 7 had higher levels of Ca (0.36 and 0.36, respectively). The calculated TMEn value of soybean meal 8 was higher (P<0.05) than soybean meals 5 and 10 (2.65 versus 2.51 and 2.50Mcal kg-1, respectively). The chemical composition of soybean meal from the West and Southwest Paraná state is homogenous and near that found in scientific literature, except for neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, iron and manganese.