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1.
Eng. sanit. ambient ; 25(2): 217-228, mar.-abr. 2020. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1098211

ABSTRACT

RESUMO Fármacos de diversas classes têm sido detectados no ambiente aquático nos últimos anos. A presença desses compostos químicos deve-se, sobretudo, ao lançamento de esgoto in natura ou à remoção incompleta durante as etapas do tratamento de esgoto. Embora tais materiais sejam detectados em baixas concentrações (ng.L-1 - µg.L-1), os impactos de alguns fármacos à biota aquática já são conhecidos, sendo os efeitos na saúde humana, especialmente aqueles relacionados à exposição crônica, ainda pouco conhecidos e/ou controversos. Ensaios biológicos são ferramentas valiosas para avaliar a toxicidade de fármacos aos organismos expostos, e a sua adoção conjunta aos ensaios de tratabilidade da água e efluentes permitiria preencher lacunas de conhecimento e a construção de consenso na literatura científica sobre os seus efeitos toxicológicos. Pelo exposto, este artigo de revisão apresenta uma visão geral da ocorrência de fármacos em amostras ambientais do país e a toxicidade observada por meio de diferentes ensaios biológicos.


ABSTRACT Drugs of several classes have been detected in the aquatic environment in recent years. The presence of these chemicals is mainly due to the discharge of raw sewage or to their incomplete removal in sewage treatment plants. Although they have been detected at low concentrations (ng.L-1 - µg.L-1), the effects of pharmaceutical compounds on the aquatic biota are already acknowledged, being the effects on human health, especially those related to chronic exposure, still unknown and/or controversial. Biological assays are valuable tools for assessing drug toxicity to exposed organisms and their joint adoption in water and effluent treatability trials would fill up knowledge gaps and build consensus in the scientific literature on their toxicological effects. This review paper presents an overview of the occurrence of drugs in several Brazilian environmental samples and compiles the toxicity observed by means of different biological assays.

2.
Braz. arch. biol. technol ; 63: e20180130, 2020. graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1132195

ABSTRACT

Abstract Color removal from textile effluents was evaluated using a laboratory-combined process based on an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor followed by a shallow polishing pond (SPP). The anaerobic reactor was fed with a real textile effluent, diluted 10-times in a 350 mg/L solution of pre-treated residual yeast extract from a brewery industry as nutrient source. The parameters color, COD, N-NH3 and toxicity were monitored throughout 45 days of operation. According to the results, decolorization and COD removal were highest in the anaerobic step, whereas the effluent was polished in the SPP unit. The overall efficiency of the complete UASB-SPP system for COD and color were 88 and 62%, respectively. Moreover, the N-NH3 generated by the residual yeast extract ammonification was below 5 mg/L for the final effluent. Finally, no toxicity was detected after the treatment steps, as shown by the Vibrio fischeri microscale assay.


Subject(s)
Animals , Textiles/toxicity , Waste Disposal, Fluid/methods , Water Purification/methods , Yeasts , Toxicity Tests , Bioreactors , Aliivibrio fischeri , Anaerobiosis
3.
Eng. sanit. ambient ; 14(4): 559-568, out.-dez. 2009. tab, ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-537662

ABSTRACT

O trabalho investigou a influência do uso do extrato de levedura, fonte dos mediadores redox riboflavina e nicotinamida, na remoção de cor de solução de corante azo Drimaren Azul HF-RL em condições anaeróbias. O trabalho envolveu a execução de ensaios em batelada, em frascos-reatores mantidos a 25 ºC, incubados com o azo-corante e lodo anaeróbio na presença e ausência de fontes de carbono (extrato de levedura ou glicose) e de mediadores redox (riboflavina ou extrato de levedura). O monitoramento da variação temporal de cor, a demanda química de oxigênio (DQO) e ácidos graxos voláteis (AGV) mostraram que a adição de extrato de levedura (0,5 g/L) resultou em eficiências de remoção de cor de 80 a 85 por cento nas primeiras 24 horas de incubação, e que os produtos da degradação do azo-corante foram tóxicos para todo o consórcio anaeróbio, o que resultou em baixas eficiências de remoção de DQO na presença e ausência do extrato de levedura. Os resultados indicaram, ainda, que as eficiências de remoção de cor foram inferiores a 30 por cento na presença de apenas glicose (fonte de carbono) ou riboflavina (mediador redox), indicando que o extrato de levedura atuou simultaneamente como fonte de carbono e de mediadores redox.


This paper investigated the influence of using yeast extract, which is the source of redox mediators riboflavin and nicotinamide, in the decolorization of solutions containing the azo dye Drimaren Blue HF-RL in anaerobic conditions. It involved the incubation of serum bottles kept at 25 ºC and inoculated with the azo-dye, and anaerobic sludge in the presence and absence of carbon source (glucose or yeast extract) and redox mediators (riboflavin and yeast extract). The monitoring of color, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and volatile fatty acids (VFA) showed that the addition of yeast extract (0.5 g/L) resulted in 80 to 85 percent color removal in the first 24 hours of incubation; and that the metabolites of dye degradation were toxic to the anaerobic microorganisms, which led to low COD removal efficiencies either in the presence or absence of yeast extract. The results also showed that the efficiencies of color removal were below 30 percent in the presence of only glucose or riboflavin, indicating that the yeast extract acted simultaneously as source of carbon and redox mediators.

4.
Eng. sanit. ambient ; 11(4): 295-304, out.-dez. 2006. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-445780

ABSTRACT

Este artigo apresenta resultados de testes laboratoriais que investigaram a influência dos íons cloreto, amonium, ferro e sulfeto no teste de demanda química de oxigênio (DQO), bem como valores dos coeficientes de conversão da matéria orgânica específica (proteínas, carboidratos e lipídeos) determinados empiricamente. O artigo apresenta, ainda, resultados da comparação dos métodos colorimétrico e titulométrico de determinação da DQO e faz uma discussão crítica do uso do teste de DQO como parâmetro de monitoramento da eficiência de sistemas de tratamento anaeróbio.


This paper presents practical results on the influence of chloride, amonium, sulphide and iron on the chemical oxygen demand (COD) test, as well as experimental values of stoichiometric coefficients to convert the specific organic matter (protein, carbohydrate and lipid) into COD. The paper also presents results that compare the titrimetric and colorimetric methods used to measure the COD and makes a critical analysis of the use of COD test as a tool to monitor the efficiency of anaerobic treatment systems.


Subject(s)
Anaerobic Treatment , Biological Oxygen Demand Analysis , Chemical Phenomena , Wastewater Characteristics , Water Purification , Water Microbiology , Chlorides , Ions , Iron , Sulfides
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