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1.
Clinics ; 67(3): 205-212, 2012. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-623092

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To investigate drinking patterns and gender differences in alcohol-related problems in a Brazilian population, with an emphasis on the frequency of heavy drinking. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted with a probability adult household sample (n = 1,464) in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. Alcohol intake and ICD-10 psychopathology diagnoses were assessed with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview 1.1. The analyses focused on the prevalence and determinants of 12-month nonheavy drinking, heavy episodic drinking (4-5 drinks per occasion), and heavy and frequent drinking (heavy drinking at least 3 times/week), as well as associated alcohol-related problems according to drinking patterns and gender. RESULTS: Nearly 22% (32.4% women, 8.7% men) of the subjects were lifetime abstainers, 60.3% were non-heavy drinkers, and 17.5% reported heavy drinking in a 12-month period (26.3% men, 10.9% women). Subjects with the highest frequency of heavy drinking reported the most problems. Among subjects who did not engage in heavy drinking, men reported more problems than did women. A gender convergence in the amount of problems was observed when considering heavy drinking patterns. Heavy and frequent drinkers were twice as likely as abstainers to present lifetime depressive disorders. Lifetime nicotine dependence was associated with all drinking patterns. Heavy and frequent drinking was not restricted to young ages. CONCLUSIONS: Heavy and frequent episodic drinking was strongly associated with problems in a community sample from the largest city in Latin America. Prevention policies should target this drinking pattern, independent of age or gender. These findings warrant continued research on risky drinking behavior, particularly among persistent heavy drinkers at the non-dependent level.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Alcohol Drinking/epidemiology , Alcohol-Related Disorders/epidemiology , Sex Factors , Brazil/epidemiology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Sampling Studies , Sex Distribution , Socioeconomic Factors
2.
Arch. Clin. Psychiatry (Impr.) ; 39(6): 183-188, 2012. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-661087

ABSTRACT

CONTEXTO: A prevalência do uso prescrito de metilfenidato (MPH) e correlatos ainda é pouco conhecida no Brasil.OBJETIVO: Estimar a prevalência do uso prescrito de MPH e correlatos em uma amostra populacional de universitários brasileiros.MÉTODOS: Doze mil setecentos e onze universitários foram solicitados a responder a um questionário sobre o uso de drogas. Em relação ao uso na vida de MPH, os universitários foram divididos em dois grupos: usuários de MPH (MPHU) e não usuários de MPH (MPHNU). Um modelo de regressão quasibinomial foi usado para avaliar a correlação desse uso com as demais variáveis.RESULTADOS: 0,9% dos universitários relataram ter feito uso de MPH na vida (MPHU). Ser da região Centro-Oeste (RP = 4,8; p < 0,01) e Sul (RP = 5,2; p < 0,05), morar em repúblicas (RP = 5,8; p < 0,001), já ter feito uso prescrito de anfetaminas (RP = 8,9; p < 0,001) e benzodiazepínicos (< 3 semanas: RP = 4,4; p < 0,001; ≥ 3 semanas: RP = 6,7; p < 0,001) e fazer uso recente e de risco de álcool (RP = 4,0; p < 0,05) foram variáveis associadas ao MPHU.CONCLUSÃO: A associação do uso de álcool e de outras drogas com o uso prescrito de MPH entre universitários sugere a importância da triagem do padrão do uso de álcool e de outras drogas entre estudantes com sintomas de transtorno de déficit de atenção e hiperatividade (TDAH).


BACKGROUND: The prevalence of prescribed use of methylphenidate (MPH) and its correlates are not well-known in Brazil.OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of prescribed use of MPH and its correlates in a sample of Brazilian college students.METHODS: Twelve-thousand seven hundred and eleven college students filled out a drug use questionnaire. They were divided into two groups based on the lifetime use of MPH: MPH users (MPHU) and MPH non-users (MPHNU). Quasi-binomial regression models were carried out in order to evaluate the correlation among MPHU and other variables.RESULTS: A lifetime use of MPH was reported from 0.9% of college students (MPHU). Being from the Midwest (PR = 4.8, p < 0.01) and South (PR = 5.2, p < 0.05), living in students housing (PR = 5.8, p < 0.001), prescribed use of amphetamines (PR = 8.9, p < 0.001) and benzodiazepines (< 3 weeks: PR = 4.4, p < 0.001; ≥ 3 weeks: PR = 6.7, p < 0.001), and harmful use of alcohol (PR = 4.0, p < 0.05) were correlated with MPHU.DISCUSSION: The association of alcohol and drug use with prescribed use of MPH among college students suggests the importance of screening drinking patterns and use of other drugs among students with ADHD symptoms.


Subject(s)
Students , Methylphenidate/therapeutic use , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/therapy , Substance-Related Disorders , Universities
3.
São Paulo; s.n; 2010. [211] p. ilus.
Thesis in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-579159

ABSTRACT

Objetivos: Avaliar os correlatos sociodemográficos associados com as transições entre os estágios de uso do álcool (desde o primeiro uso na vida até o desenvolvimento de transtornos relacionados ao uso, como abuso e dependência, AUD) e remissão, em uma amostra da população geral residente na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo (RMSP), com 18 anos de idade ou mais. Métodos: Uma amostra probabilística e multiestratificada de adultos domiciliados (n = 5.037) na RMSP foi estudada. O uso de álcool, uso regular (pelo menos 12 doses/ ano), abuso e dependência de acordo com os critérios do DSM-IV, e remissão de AUD foram avaliados utilizando-se a versão do Composite International Diagnostic Interview para o World Mental Health Survey. As curvas de idade de início cumulativas (AOO) para o primeiro uso de álcool na vida, o uso regular, o abuso e a dependência foram elaboradas com dados obtidos a partir da amostra de 5.037 indivíduos. Os correlatos sociodemográficos das transições entre os estágios de uso do álcool e da remissão de AUD foram obtidos a partir de uma subamostra de 2.942 entrevistados, para os quais, os dados sociodemográficos tempo dependentes estavam disponíveis. Resultados: as prevalências encontradas foram: 85,8% de uso de álcool na vida, 56,2% de uso regular, 10,6% de abuso e 3,6% de dependência. As probabilidades de transição foram: 63,1% do primeiro uso na vida para o uso regular, 17,9% do uso regular para o abuso, e 28,3% do abuso para dependência. Remitiram 73,4% e 58,8% dos entrevistados com diagnóstico de abuso e dependência de álcool na vida, respectivamente. Todas as transições entre os estágios de uso de álcool até o abuso estiveram consistentemente associadas ao sexo masculino, às gerações mais jovens e à baixa escolaridade, sendo que outros correlatos variaram entre as transições. Vale a pena destacar que baixa escolaridade foi um correlato para o desenvolvimento de abuso e dependência e para a não remissão destes transtornos. Idade de início...


Aims: To evaluate socio-demographic correlates associated with transitions across alcohol use stages (from first use to alcohol use disorders, AUD) and remission in a sample of household residents in the São Paulo Metropolitan Area adult, aged 18 years and over. Methods: A probabilistic, multi-stage clustered sample of adult household residents (n=5,037) in the São Paulo Metropolitan Area was analyzed. Alcohol use, regular use (at least 12 drinks/year), DSM-IV abuse and dependence, and remission from AUD were assessed with the World Mental Health version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Age of onset (AOO) distributions of the cumulative lifetime probability of alcohol use, regular use, abuse, and dependence were prepared with data obtained from 5,037 subjects. Correlates of transition across alcohol use stages and remission were obtained from a subsample of 2,942 respondents, whose time-dependent sociodemographic data were available. Results: Lifetime prevalences were 85.8% for alcohol use, 56.2% for regular use, 10.6% for abuse, and 3.6% for dependence. The transitions probabilities were 63.1% for everuse to regular use, 17.9% for regular use to abuse, and 28.3% for abuse to dependence; 73.4% and 58.8% of respondents with lifetime abuse and dependence, respectively, had remitted. All transitions across alcohol use stages up to abuse were consistently associated with male gender, younger cohorts and low education, with other correlates varying among transitions. Importantly, low education was a correlate for developing AUD and for not remitting from them. Early AOO of regular use was associated with alcohol abuse among regular users. Conclusions: The present study demonstrates that specific correlates differently contribute throughout alcohol use trajectory in a Brazilian population. Our findings reinforce the need of programs to prevent early initiation of alcohol use and that efforts should focus on individuals of lower...


Subject(s)
Alcoholic Beverages , Alcoholism , Substance-Related Disorders , Waterway Transitions , Brazil
4.
Arch. Clin. Psychiatry (Impr.) ; 35(supl.1): 31-38, 2008. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-488975

ABSTRACT

CONTEXTO: O beber pesado episódico (BPE) tem sido fortemente associado a danos e a uma carga social consideráveis. OBJETIVOS: Este estudo tem como finalidade avaliar o panorama brasileiro a partir de aspectos sociodemográficos, fatores individuais e sociais relacionados ao beber pesado. MÉTODOS: A busca de artigos científicos foi realizada com base em um programa de computador nos principais bancos de dados científicos. RESULTADOS: Os homens beberam pesado mais freqüentemente que as mulheres. O beber pesado episódico foi mais prevalente em adolescentes e adultos jovens, e a prevalência tende a diminuir com o aumento da idade. As condições socioeconômicas parecem ter um efeito sobre o beber pesado. O início precoce do beber pesado esteve associado com história de dependência do álcool na vida adulta. O beber pesado episódico esteve associado ao uso concomitante de outras substâncias psicoativas. Os fatores de risco para BPE incluíram atividades sociais e disponibilidade de dinheiro. A pressão dos pares mostrou influenciar mais do que o suporte parental especialmente no final de adolescência. O BP também variou de acordo com a cultura, com mais episódios de BP no Sul em comparação com o Norte do País. CONCLUSÕES: Uma variedade de aspectos sociodemográficos e individuais associados ao beber pesado foi identificada. Porém, o conhecimento nessa área ainda é muito limitado. Mais pesquisas no Brasil são urgentemente necessárias visto que os resultados provenientes de outras culturas não podem ser generalizados.


BACKGROUND: Heavy episodic drinking has been shown to be closely associated with considerable damage to and burden on society. OBJECTIVES: This review aims to give an overview of the Brazilian reality based on socio-demographic aspects, considering individual and social factors related to heavy drinking. METHODS: A computer-assisted search of relevant articles was conducted in the foremost scientific databases. RESULTS: Males tended to heavy drinking more frequently than females. Heavy episodic drinking was most prevalent among adolescents and young adults, though this prevalence tended to level off as they age. Socioeconomic conditions appear to have an effect on heavy drinking. The early onset of heavy drinking has been associated with a history of alcohol dependency in the adult phase. Heavy episodic drinking coincided with other psychoactive substance usage. Motives for heavy drinking included both social activities as well as the availability of money. Peer pressure was one of the strongest influencing factors in binge drinking and seemed to outweigh parental influence, particularly from late adolescence onward. Heavy drinking also varied according to both the predominant adult and adolescent drinking culture, with more binge drinking in the southern areas of Brazil as compared with the northern and central regions. CONCLUSIONS: A myriad of socio-demographical, individual, and social characteristics associated with heavy drinking have been identified. However, knowledge in these areas remain limited, as most research has been conducted on specific groups and situations, in particular, that of North American college students. More research in Brazil is urgently needed, as results from other cultural contexts should not be generalized.


Subject(s)
Alcoholism/epidemiology , Population , Brazil
6.
Arch. Clin. Psychiatry (Impr.) ; 33(2): 43-54, 2006. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, SES-SP | ID: lil-435534

ABSTRACT

A conscientização de que os transtornos mentais representam um sério problema de saúde pública é relativamente recente, ocorrendo a partir da publicação do estudo The Global Burden of Disease pela Organização Mundial da Saúde. Diferenças de gênero na incidência, prevalência e curso de transtornos mentais, assim como na apresentação clínica e na resposta terapêutica, têm sido extensivamente demonstradas por estudos epidemiológicos.


The awareness that mental disorders present a serious public health problem is relatively new, occurring after the publication of The Global Burden of Disease by the World Health Organization. Gender differences in the incidence, prevalence, and course of mental disorders, as well as in their clinical features and response to treatment; have been extensively demonstrated in epidemiological studies.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Menstruation Disturbances , Menopause/psychology , Mental Disorders/epidemiology , Anxiety Disorders , Risk Factors , Women , Domestic Violence
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