Early HHV-6 replication is associated with morbidity non-related to CMV infection after kidney transplantation

Human herpesvirus type 6-(HHV-6) has been associated with morbidity after liver transplantation. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the HHV-6 seroprevalence among donor-recipient pairs, analyze the incidence of early active infection, its clinical manifestation, interaction with CMV, and the related morbidity in the first year after kidney transplantation. METHODS: 46 donor-recipient pairs had IgG evaluated by ELISA before transplantation: HHV-6(Pambio - USA) and CMV-(Roche - USA). A frozen whole blood sample collected weekly (from the 1st to the 6th week) was retrospectively tested for HHV-6 viral load (VL) determination by real time quantitative PCR (qPCR, Nanogen - Italy). Patients were preemptively surveyed for CMV by pp65 antigenemia (Ag, APAAP, immunohistochemistry, Biotest - Germany) from the 4th to the 12th week after transplantation. Active infection was defined as qPCR-HHV6+ (viral-load/mL-VL) and Ag+ (+cells/100.000 granulocytes), for HHV-6 and CMV, respectively. DCMV was defined as simultaneous positive antigenemia and suggestive signs/symptoms. Concerning +qPCR-HHV6, associated factors, clinical manifestation, interaction with CMV and morbidity were searched. RESULTS: Pre-transplant HHV-6 seroprevalence was significantly higher among kidney recipients compared to their donors (82.6x54.8%; p = 0.005 [3.9 (1.4-10.4)]). Active infection by this virus occurred in 26.1% (12/46), with no association with previous IgG (p = 0.412). Median VL was 125 copies/mL (53-11.264), and the median Ag was 21 +cells (2-740). There was no association between HHV-6 and CMV activation after transplantation (p = 0.441), neither concerning DCMV (p = 0.596). Median highest Ag+ and days of ganciclovir treatment were similar between qPCR-HHV6 + or - (p = 0.206 and p = 0.124, respectively). qPCR-HHV6+ was associated with higher incidence of bacterial (p = 0.009) and fungal (p = 0.001) infections, and higher number (p = 0.001) of hospital admission and longer duration of hospitalization over the first 6 and 12 months post-transplantation (p = 0.033 and p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: Latent HHV-6 infection is more common among recipients than donors before transplantation. Early active infection by this pathogen after transplantation does not increase DCMV incidence or severity during the first 3 months of follow-up. However, early HHV-6 replication is associated with other infections and hospitalizations in the first year.

Imunologia da gestação / Pregnancy immunology

Do ponto de vista imunológico, a gestação somente é possível porque uma intrincada rede imunorregulatória é disparada com o objetivo único de desenvolver um estado de tolerância materno-fetal e permitir a implantação e manutenção do concepto até que haja condições de sobrevivência fora da cavidade uterina. Entre os fatores envolvidos nessa complexa rede imunomodulatória para a tolerância e regulação do desenvolvimento fetal e formação da placenta, destacam-se: a influência hormonal sobre o sistema imune materno, o reconhecimento das moléculas do Complexo Principal de Histocompatibilidade paterno (expressas pelo embrião), as citocinas liberadas no meio, o controle da citoxicidade direta das células Natural Killer uterinas e atividade das células T regulatórias. A seguir, uma revisão abrangente e atual da literatura discute de maneira simplificada tais mecanismos.

From the immunological point of view, pregnancy is possible because a complex immunorregulatory network is triggered in order to develop a feto-maternal tolerance from the implantation through the birth. The most important mechanisms involved in the gestational immunotolerance system are debated in this paper and include: maternal hormonal influence on the immune system, the allorecognition of the Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) molecules expressed by the embryo, local cytokines profile, Natural Killer cells cytotoxicity and the role of regulatory T cells.