Anchorage In Orthodontics: A Literature Review

During orthodontic treatment the teeth are exposed to forces and moments, and these acting forces always generate reciprocal forces of the same magnitude but opposite in direction which follows Newton’s third law. To avoid unwanted tooth movements and maintain treatment success, these reciprocal forces must be diverted effectively. In orthodontic treatment, anchorage loss is a potential side effect of orthodontic mechanotherapy and one of the major causes of unsuccessful results. Its cause has been described as a multifactorial response in relation to the extraction site, appliance type, age, crowding, and overjet.Therefore, clinicians throughout the years have made an effort to find biomechanical solutions to control anchorage. The purpose of this article is to review the basics of anchorage and the anchorage planning in different appliance systems.

Lingual Orthodontics.

With the invention of lingual orthodontics, the patients received the most aesthetic orthodontic treatment, which attracted many orthodontists and patients to seek this aesthetic treatment. Lingual orthodontics is one of the fixed orthodontic technique in which brackets are invisible. The use of invisible orthodontic technique increased the patient’s selfesteem, but there exists a difference in bonding technique, biomechanical aspect and the anchorage considerations between the conventional and lingual orthodontic techniques. In this article, the complete lingual orthodontic technique has been reviewed.

Surgical Orthodontic Treatment of Severe Skeletal Class II with Vertical Maxillary Excess.

This paper describes an adult male patient who presented with a severe skeletal class II deformity with severe gummy smile. The case was managed with a combination of presurgical orthodontic treatment followed by a double jaw orthognathic surgery and then another phase of orthodontic treatment for final occlusal detailing. Extraction of the upper fives and lower first premolars was done during the presurgical orthodontic phase of treatment to decompensate upper and lower incisors and to give room for surgical setback of the maxillary anterior segment. Double jaw surgery was performed: bilateral sagittal split ramus osteotomy (BSSO) for 6mm mandibular advancement combined with Le Fort I maxillary osteotomy with 8mm impaction of the maxilla. Although the anteroposterior discrepancy and the facial convexity were so severe, highly acceptable results were obtained, both esthetically as well as occlusally.

A Comparison of Hand Traced Conventional Lateral Cephalogram with Digital Lateral Cephalogram Using Different Calibration Techniques of Dolphin Imaging (Version 11.5).

Objective:The purpose of the study was to evaluate and compare hand tracings on conventional lateral cephalograms with different calibration techniques available in dolphin imaging on digital lateral cephalogram. Materials and Methods:50 Conventional lateral cephalogram and 50 digital lateral cephalogram were taken in (NHP) at same period of timeon the same patient. Two angular measurements Facial Axis Angle and ANB angle two linear measurements Sella to Nasion and Sella to articulare have been taken. The digital images were traced by calibration 3 techniques Ruler, DPI and Land mark available in Dolphin Imaging Software Version 11.5.The conventional were traced on lead acetate paper and data has been collected.Results: In measurement of Facial Axis Angle conventional when compared with different calibration techniques Ruler Land Mark technique show <0.001significantvalue. In measurement of ANB angle shows no significant values. In measurement of S-N length Ruler compared with DPI has shown significant p value <0.001. DPI compared with conventional shows 0.001. S-AR length has shown significant value p value 0.006, DPI compared with Landmark shows 0.007,Landmark compared with conventional shows 0.003. Conclusion: According to our study conventional when compared with calibration techniques ruler has show only one significant value DPI and land mark has shown two significant values so our study conclude that using ruler is the better option for calibration of digital radiograph. As ruler is more accurate to conventional we compare DPI and Landmark techniques to ruler, landmark shows less variation with ruler so according to our study the second option for calibration of digital radiograph is landmark and last option comes DPI.

Deleterious Oral Habits: A Review.

Oral habit is a part of normal development in children and is a prime concern for parents. It is a learned pattern of muscle contraction with complex nature, which is a repetitive act, commonly seen from infancy and should diminish automatically as age advances. These habits can result in damage to dentoalveolar structure. Therefore, dentists play a crucial role in giving necessary information to parents.

A Review of Root Resorption in Orthodontics.

Root resorption is unavoidable, unwanted and undesirable consequence of the orthodontic tooth movement. This paper describes the various causes, types and classification of root resorption during orthodontic treatment.

Distraction Osteogenesis - A Review.

Distraction osteogenesis (DO) one of the recent and most successful treatment option for various skeletal deformities. Initially it was mainly used for correction of axial skeleton, but its introduction to the craniofacial skeleton has revolutionized the mode of treatment of craniofacial deformities and congenital syndromes. Currently DO in dentistry have a wide range application starting from, rapid canine retraction, alveolar distraction, treatment of cleft palate, and correction of many mandibular disorders.

Which Line to Kiss. A Review of Reference Lines For Lip Profile.

Orthodontists have their own preferences in selecting the reference line for evaluation of the upper and lower lip in treatment planning and post treatment results. The reference line should provide the orthodontist with objective assessment of the facial esthetics. The reference plane selected should be sensitive, reliable with consistency. The commonly used reference line are: Rickett’s E- line, Holdaway’s line, Steiner’s S1- line, Burstone’s B- line and Sushner’s S2- line and Merrified Z-angle. This article reviews the planes and the studies evaluating them.

The Clinical Relevance of Orthodontic Archwire Properties : A Revuew.

Archwires are the active components of a fixed appliance through which forces are generated and consequently tooth movement is achieved. Recent advances in orthodontic wire alloys have resulted in a varied array of wires that exhibit a wide spectrum of properties. Presently the orthodontist may select from all the available arch wires one that best meets the demands of a particular clinical situation and the efficiency of the operator. The selection of appropriate wire in turn would provide the benefit of optimum and predictable treatment results. The clinician must therefore be conversant with the difference in the mechanical properties and clinical application of this various types of wires

Oral manifestations of chikungunya fever in clinically diagnosed chikungunya cases (CDCG)-A Purposive study.

Aim and objective: The present study was undertaken to study the oral manifestations in clinically diagnosed Chikungunya cases which has recent epidemic breakdown in India after 43 years. Methods: This study was conducted in patients consulted for/ admitted in Government and private hospitals in epidemic regions of Chitoor and Nellore districts of Andhra Pradesh, India for clinically diagnosed Chikungunya from January 2010 to March 2010. A total of 200 persons having the signs and symptoms of clinically diagnosed Chikungunya were examined. Those with the history of systemic illness in the past two years were eliminated and thus a final sample of 112 patients was taken for this study. Blood samples were drawn and sent to National Institute of Virology, Pune for the serological confirmation of the Chikungunya fever after following the set protocols. Serum analysis was not done on two patients due to insufficient sera so the statistical analysis was done for 110 patients only. Results: The results showed that clinically oral manifestations were present in 95% of the patients. Females seem to be more affected than males. A significant difference is observed in the different age groups for symptoms. In clinically diagnosed Chikungunya patients higher age group (> 50 years) were found with higher rate of severity and symptoms than lower age group (< 20 years). Conclusion: The oral signs and symptoms in affected patients is clinically significant as opposed to previous studies which were conducted during previous epidemics. The authors propose to introduce the new term “Gunya stomatitis” to this oral signs and symptoms observed in this patients

TONGUE THRUST HABIT - A review.

There is interrelation ship between the form and function. The different abnormal habits may effect the form of orofacial structures. The presence of one oral habit may induce the other. In this review article a new induction chart is prepared to show the interrelation between different abnormal habits and their effect on form. The chart also in turn explains how form can lead to development of different habits. Thus there is interrelation ship between form and function.

Temporary anchorage devices in orthodontics.

Anchorage control is one of the main aspects of orthodontic treatment plan. A good appliance system should put minimum taxation of anchorage on the anchor units. The structures present with in the confinement of oral cavity are very less in number. In such cases the anchor unit gets its reinforcement from extraoral structures or intraoral appliances. Extraoral anchorages have their inherent drawbacks and most of them rely on patient cooperation. The use of implants in orthodontics to reinforce the anchorage is a recent concept. The purpose of this article is to review the implants in the context of orthodontics which are called as TAD- temporary anchorage devices.