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Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a syndrome of disordered metabolism with abnormally high blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia). The study was conducted to see the prevalence of abnormal liver function tests in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus and correlate them with glycemic control and duration of Type 2 DM so that we can detect them at early stage and prevent the long term morbidity and mortatlity. Methods: 100 patients of Type 2 diabetes mellitus attendingRajindra hospital outpatient and inpatient department were taken randomly to find out prevalence of abnormal liver abnormal liver tests. They were thoroughly investigated for liver function abnormalities. Results: The mean age of the patients was 55.15 ± 7.65 years with maximum patients in the age group of 56-60 years. Females outnumbered males in this study. The mean duration of diabetes in study group was 8.67 ± 4.07 years. Mean BMI in the study group was 28.37 ± 3.73 (kg/m2). Out of 100 patients, 50% had good glycemic control (HbA1c <7) and 50% had poor glycemic control (HbA1c ≥7). About 53% of the patients had minimum 1 abnormality of the liver function tests. Conclusion: Liver function test abnormalities showed a direct relationship with increasing duration of diabetes (p value 0.001) and increasing BMI (p value 0.031). USG abdomen showed fatty infiltration of liver in 19 patients out of which 11 had poor glycemic control as compared to rest of 8 with good glycemic control which was not statistically significant (p=0.444). These results show that poor the glycemic control, the frequency of abnormal liver function increases.
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Background:Long term uncontrolled hyperglycemia, which is indicated by HbA1c levels, is strongly suspected of promoting atheogensis.An accurate marker for assessing the risk of stroke is the carotid artery intima-media thickening (IMT), assessed by Doppler ultrasound. Increased common carotid artery IMT is correlated with silent cerebral infarcts.This study aimed to show the association between marker of uncontrolled long term hyperglycemia (HbA1C) and marker of atherosclerosis (Carotid intima media thickness [CIMT]) in ischemic stroke patients. Methods: This study was conducted In Deptt. of Medicine, Rajindra hospital Patiala in collabroration with Deptt. Of Radiology and Deptt. of Biochemistry. Results: This study included a total number of 75 patients admitted in various ward of Medicine Deptt. Rajindra Hospital Patiala.CIMT was found to be significantly increased in the patients having diabetics mellitus than non diabetic patients.Conclusion:There is seen a positive correlation of HbA1C with CIMT in our study which included only the ischemic stroke patients.
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Black hairy tongue (BHT) also known as Lingua villosa nigra is an acquired, benign condition which is characterized by abnormally hypertrophied and elongated papilliform papillae on the dorsal surface of the tongue. Apart from black; it may also appear brown, yellow, green or blue. BHT typically causes aesthetic concerns to the patient. Gagging, nausea, dysgeusia, xerostomia, burning mouth syndrome and halitosis can be the very rare presenting complaints in some patients. In India, however, black tongue is believed to associate with witches and unfortunate doom spellers. We are reporting a case of olanzapine induced BHT who became a victim of very popular but irrational myth in Indian society.
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Background: Over the last few decades, oral health care has become a greater priority as people live longer with serious medical conditions and disabilities and the dentist must be aware of them to provide safe and effective oral care. Objective: To study the prevalence of medical comorbidities in patients seeking dental treatments. Design: A crosssectional observational study. Methods: The study was conducted at the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery of Dental College and hospital in north India starting from april 2014 to march 2016 for the presence of medically compromised conditions. Demographic data of the patients was also collected to determine the frequency of comorbidities that may affect the dental patients older than 30 years of age. Results: A total of 7216 patients visited the oral surgery OPD during the period of april 2014 to march 2016. 5040 patients aged 30 years and above were included in the study. From a total of 5040 patients, 1336 patients (26.5%) were having comorbidities. The age of patients ranged from 30 to 80 years with the mean age ± SD of 45.2 ± 11.6 years. The majority of them (54%) were in the 4th to 6th decades of life. There were 694 male patients (51.95%) and 642 female patients (48.05%). In this study, hypertension was the most prevalent comorbidity accounting for 13.8% of total patients followed by diabetes mellitus( 8.29%) and ischaemic heart disease which accounted for 7.28%.Within the strata of medically compromised individuals , prevalence of hypertension was recorded as high as 52.02 %, followed by diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease which has prevalence of 31.29% and 24.27% respectively. Conclusion: It is very important for the attending clinicians to have an exact knowl¬edge of the patient’s medical conditions to provide safe and effective dental treatment.
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Background: Olfactory dysfunctions albeit commonly studied in research study are rarely tested in clinical practice and commonly overlooked in elderly. With ageing, rate of decline in olfactory and cognitive functions increases. Diabetic patients are more prone to develop these olfactory and cognitive dysfunctions. Elderly diabetic patients with olfactory dysfunction were found to have increased incidence of cognitive impairment as compared to patients without olfactory dysfunction. So olfactory function testing can be used as screening tool to detect cognitive impairment at earliest and can halt the progression of cognitive impairment by appropriate measures. Methods: A cross-sectional study done on 200 elderly diabetic patients. Olfactory dysfunctions were detected by open essence test and cognitive testing was done with MMSE. Patients with psychosis, apparent dementia, any nasal disease were excluded. Results: Out of 200 patients total number of patients with MMSE <23, 24-26 and >26 were 19, 51 and 150 with average Open Essence (OE) score 6.05±, 6.74±0.92 and 8.5±0.54 respectively indicating that patients with lower OE score were found to have lower MMSE score. Conclusion: With ageing, olfactory as well as cognitive dysfunction increases. Diabetes accelerates these processes substantially. Olfactory dysfunction precedes the development of cognitive impairment. So elderly patients with diabetes should be screened for olfactory functions so that proper measures could be taken to decrease the incidence or severity of cognitive dysfunction.
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Endemic in India, Neurocysticercosis (NCC) is perhaps one of the oldest known and perhaps the most common parasitic infections of the human nervous system. It is a major cause of epilepsy and neurological disease in many developing countries. In 2015, the WHO Food borne Disease Burden Epidemiology Reference Group identified T. solium as a leading cause of deaths from food-borne diseases, resulting in a considerable total of 2.8 million disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs). T. solium cysticercosis was added by WHO to the list of major neglected tropical diseases in 2010. The diagnosis is imaging based which shows characteristic “starry sky” appearance in heavy infestation cases.
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The colon is a site where both local and systemic delivery of drugs can take place. Local delivery allows topical treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. However, treatment can be made effective if the drugs can be targeted directly into the colon, thereby reducing the systemic side effects. This review, mainly compares the primary approaches for CDDS (Colon Specific Drug Delivery) namely prodrugs, pH and time dependent systems, and microbially triggered systems, which achieved limited success and had limitations as compared with newer CDDS namely pressure controlled colonic delivery capsules, CODESTM, and osmotic controlled drug delivery which are unique in terms of achieving in vivo site specificity, and feasibility of manufacturing process.