ABSTRACT
Background: Blood requisitions received in blood bank for elective and emergency procedures from surgery, trauma, Obstetrics and Gynaecology Department are often associated with excessive demand for cross matching of blood which is often more than the required blood and blood components. In this study, our goal was to use the blood stocks more efficiently and reduction in the wastage due to over dating and to prevent injudicious pre-operative cross-matching and utilization of blood.Methods: This was a prospective study conducted in the Department of Blood Transfusion and Immunohematology of Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences (SKIMS), Soura, Srinagar over a period of one year with effect from September 2017 to August 2018. Source was requisition forms and blood bank records of patients who underwent elective procedures in the hospital. For the purpose of analysis, departments were categorized into surgical and allied branches i.e Cardiovascular Surgery (CVTS), Neurosurgery, General Surgery and Obstetrics and Gynaecology. Department wise utilization of blood Components cross matching to Transfusion ratio (C/T), transfusion probability (T%) and Transfusion Index (TI) were calculated. Data was entered and analyzed using Microsoft excel window 2010. The obtained data was evaluated and presented in the tabular and diagrammatic forms.Results: A total of 3940 requests for cross matching of blood and its components were received for 3072 patients. Out of these, 2048 units were transfused. The total C/T Ratio, Transfusion Probability (T%) and Transfusion Index (TI) was 1.92, 42.5% and 0.6 respectively.Conclusions: To reduce the injudicious usage of blood, blood transfusion services need to adopt blood conserving policies. Efforts should be made to adopt more conservative transfusion thresholds, periodic feedback to improve blood ordering, conduct regular auditing, handling, distribution and utilization practices of this scarce resource.
ABSTRACT
The present study was aimed to investigate the drying kinetics of gum karaya (S. urens). Three grades of gum (I, II, III) were dried using a cabinet-type convective dryer. Particle size equivalent to US Sieve size-6 and air temperatures of 50, 60 and 70°C were used for the drying experiments. The experimental drying data was fitted to Page’s model to predict the drying kinetics. Investigations with constant air velocity revealed that for grade- I gum, drying rate constant (k) varied between 0.2744-0.3742 (h-1), for grade-II gum between 0.3208-0.4439 (h-1) and for grade-III gum between 0.4098-0.4639 (h-1). The dimensionless number (n) was always more than 1 and minimum value of the Coefficient of determination (R2) was 0.967. Increase in air temperature enhanced drying process and drying rate. For each particular temperature, the values of drying rate constant were minimum for grade-I, maximum for grade-III and intermediate for grade-II gum.
ABSTRACT
The goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of desiccation and chilling treatments on somatic embryogenesis of rough lemon (Citrus jambhiri Lush.). Styles were cultured on seven culture media (MS I-MS VII) containing Benzylaminopurine (BAP), Kinetin (KN) and Malt Extract for cell proliferation and somatic embryo development. Cell proliferation was maximum on MS IV media but maximum cultures showing somatic embryogenesis (52.08 %) was observed on MS VII media. Embryogenic callus proliferated on MS VII media was subjected to desiccation and chilling treatment for 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours. Embryogenic callus desiccated for 24 and 48 hours in sterile petriplates showed 58.33 and 56.94 % somatic embryogenesis respectively as compared to undesiccated callus (51.98%). Average number of cotyledonary embryos (6.80/culture) in embryogenic cultures from desiccated callus (48 hrs) was more as compared to untreated callus (2.26/culture). There was significantly less number of abnormal embryos (0.60-0.53/culture) in desiccated callus for 48, 72 and 96 hours as compared to untreated callus (7.20/culture). Chilling treatment also improves the average number of cotyledonary embryos and reduces the abnormal development of embryos. Among all the treatments desiccation of embryogenic callus for 48 hrs proved beneficial for improvement of somatic embryo development and germination.
ABSTRACT
Oral squamous cell carcinoma is the most common cancer of the oral cavity. The survival rates for oral cancer patients will significantly be improved provided lesions are detected and treated at the infancy stage. Early diagnosis is therefore of paramount importance. Histopathological examination is considered as the gold standard in diagnosing oral lesions. Therefore, the selection for a biopsy site is highly significant. In this article, we present a current review of the colposcope and oral application of the colposcopy technique and its use as an adjunct in the early diagnosis of premalignant and malignant lesions of the oral mucosa. We stress upon the fact that colposcopy (direct oral microscopy) of oral mucosal lesions helps in selecting more representative sites for biopsy than routine clinical examination alone. Because of its precision, versatility, ease of use, and being a non-invasive technique, colposcopy might prove to be a useful step toward continuing to learn and improve the care for our patients.