ABSTRACT
Abstract Duplication of the inferior vena cava is a rare congenital anomaly, with an incidence of 0.2-3%. Despite being asymptomatic, anomalies of IVC are important in aortoiliac and retroperitoneal surgeries. Preoperative CT imaging is essential to identify any IVC anomaly and to prevent unexpected hemorrhage during surgery. Here, we report a case of a juxtarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm in which we encountered a type I IVC duplication anomaly intraoperatively while performing transperitoneal aneurysmorrhaphy and took precautions to avoid any iatrogenic injuries to either of the two trunks or the pre-aortic trunk of the anomalous duplicate IVC.
Resumo A duplicação da veia cava inferior (VCI) é uma anomalia congênita rara com incidência de 0,2 a 3%. Apesar de assintomáticas, anomalias da VCI são importantes em cirurgias aortoilíacas e retroperitoneais. A imagem da tomografia pré-operatória é essencial para identificar qualquer anomalia de VCI e para evitar hemorragia inesperada durante a cirurgia. Relatamos um caso de aneurisma de aorta abdominal justarrenal, no qual encontramos uma anomalia de duplicação de VCI do tipo 1 intraoperatório enquanto realizávamos correção cirúrgica de aneurisma transperitoneal. Por isso, tomamos a precaução para evitar qualquer lesão iatrogênica nos dois troncos e no tronco pré-aórtico de VCI duplicada anômala.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Middle Aged , Vena Cava, Inferior/abnormalities , Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/surgery , Vascular Malformations/diagnostic imaging , Computed Tomography AngiographyABSTRACT
Bovine tuberculosis, a chronic disease of animals is caused by species of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC) and it remains a potential threat to animals as well as humans. Differentiation of the species of MTC is required for epidemiological and diagnostic purpose. The present study evaluated the presence of different species of MTC in bovines using gyrB-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. In this study, blood and milk samples from 50 milch animals which were positive reactors of comparative intradermal tuberculin test were collected. Screening of MTC was done by IS6110-PCR using primers INS1/INS2 specific for MTC. The positive samples were further identified using gyrB- Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Out of 50 positive reactors to CITT, only 4 (8%) animal were positive for MTC by IS6110-PCR. And gyrB-RFLP analysis using RsaI and SacII showed two positive for M. bovis and two animals for M. tuberculosis. Thus, gyrB-RFLP could be used as an additional tool in differential diagnosis of mycobacterial diseases thereby able to differentiate species of MTC
ABSTRACT
Background: Transurethral resection of bladder tumour (TURBT) is the primary treatment modality for Non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). Restaging transurethral resection of bladder tumour (RETURBT) is indicated to reduce risk of residual disease and correct staging errors after primary TURBT. The aim of the study is to evaluate the risk of residual tumour and upstaging in NMIBC after TURBT and to investigate the risk factors for the same.Methods: A prospective observational study was carried out over 4 years and 87 patients were included in the study. Patients with NMIBC underwent RETURBT after 2-6 weeks of primary TURBT. The incidence of residual tumour and upstaging in RETUBRT was correlated with various histopathological and morphological parameters in primary TURBT.Results: Out of 87 patients, who underwent RETURBT, residual disease was present in 51 patients (58.6%) and upstaging occurred in 22 patients (25.2%).On univariate analysis, T1 stage (p=0.01), high grade (p=0.01), Carcinoma in situ(CIS) (p=0.01) and multifocality (p=0.05) were predictive for residual disease in RETURBT. High grade (p=0.01), CIS (p=0.01) and absence of detrusor muscle in specimen (p=0.03) were risk factors for upstaging in RETURBT.Conclusions: NMIBC have high incidence of residual disease and upstaging after primary TURBT. T1 stage, high tumour grade, CIS, and multifocality are risk factors for residual disease after primary TURBT. High tumour grade, CIS and absence of detrusor muscle are strongly associated with upstaging during RETURBT.
ABSTRACT
Iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) is a public health problem in India. A ban on the sale of uniodised salt for household consumption has been introduced in Rajasthan State since 1992. The present study was conducted in the district of Bharatpur, Rajasthan with the objective to assess the prevalence of iodine disorders in school children as no data is available on this aspect. A total of 3072 children in the age group of 6-12 years were included in the study and were clinically examined. On the spot urine samples were collected randomly from 450 children. A total of 1064 salt samples were collected randomly from the families of the children. The total goiter prevalence was found to be 7.2% in the subjects studied. It was found that the percentage of children with urinary iodine excretion <20.0; 20.0-49.9, 50.0-99.9 and 100 mcg/L and above was 1.1, 1.1, 7.8 and 90.0% respectively. The assessment of iodine content of salt revealed that 56% of the families were consuming iodised salt. The findings of the present study indicated that the population is in a transition phase from iodine deficient (as revealed by the TGR) to iodine sufficient (as revealed by the medium UIE of 200.0 mcg/L) nutriture.