ABSTRACT
Introduction: Failure of ossification in the vertical direction between the two halves of the frontal bone is called a metopic suture; this suture is present in between the superciliary arch and tubers of the frontal bone so it is also called a median frontal suture. At birth, the frontal bone present is two half, in the 1st year they contact each other, and within the 7th to 8th year, they fused together. Sometimes, bones may not be fused completely and it becomes metopic fontanelle. MaterialsandMethods: The goal of the current study was to determine the prevalence of metopic suture in adult human skulls in Uttar Pradesh. One hundred and fifty macerated skulls of undetermined age and sex were used for this. The anatomical departments of Teerthankar Mahaveer Medical College and Research Center (Moradabad), King George Medical College (Lucknow), SRMS Institute of Medical Science (Bareilly), Govt. Medical College Kannauj, and Govt. Medical College Saharanpur provided these skulls. Results: This study has found the incidence of metopic sutures of about 12.90%. The two types of metopic sutures were found in this study, namely complete metopic suture 4.52% and incomplete metopic suture 8.38% in which found 0.64% “V” shape metopic suture. Conclusion: Themorphological study of metopic sutures on adult crania is useful for anatomists, experts in forensic medicine, and neurologists for performing surgical procedures in this area
ABSTRACT
Background: The femur is one of the long bones being thoroughly studied anatomically and has three parts; proximal, distal end and a long shaft. The angle between femur neck and angle with the long axis of shaft, are known as neck-shaft angle, collodiaphyseal angle, and also known as cervico-diaphyseal angle, angle of inclination, and femoral carrying angle, Neck – shaft angle is important regarding its stability, control of lateral balance, walking and facilitates hip movement. It varies with age, body structure, width of pelvis, being less in adult in persons short with limbs and in women. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Anatomy and department of radiology Government medical college Saharanpur, uttarprades, The antero-posterior view of pelvic radiograph taken from the Department of Radiology Government medical college Saharanpur, uttarprades.the70 samples were included in the study. Results: The mean right angle of inclination was 126.760±4.330 with range 1180-1350 and left angle of inclination was 128.100±5.340 with range 1180-1360. The overall angle of inclination was 127.420±4.530 with range 118.50-1350. Conclusion: The angle of inclination in adult human femur gives a basic structural and functional knowledge to prevent the abnormality with the help of orthopedic surgeon and society and mentian the stability, control of lateral balance, walking and facilitates hip joint movement, helpful to understand different aspect of clinical disease conditions, including changes in osteoporosis, common site of fracture, associated congenital anomalies as well as medicolegal cases.
ABSTRACT
Microorganisms have developed several physiological adaptations to survive within extreme ecological niches including environments contaminated with heavy metals, pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and nuclear wastes. Microorganisms in extreme habitat are potential source of “novel biomolecule(s)” such as whole microbial cells, extremozymes and extremolytes, significantly required for environmental, industrial, and red medical/pharmaceutical biotechnology. These novel biomolecule(s) are valuable resources and may help improve economic development. The scanty information about the factors governing the microbial growth within stressed environments is the major constraint in the recovery of novel biomolecule(s) from extreme habitats. Understanding the structure, metabolic capabilities, microbial physiology, and factors governing the composition and role of indigenous microorganism is the key to success of any study. In recent past the problems associated with classical cultivation techniques have been resolved by an emerging approach referred to as “metagenomics”. Metagenomic studies give an insight into details of the structure, metabolic and physiological capabilities of indigenous microbial communities. High-throughput sequencing technologies in conjunction with metagenomics has aided in the identification and characterization of novel culturable and uncultured microorganisms with unique capabilities. Metagenomic studies have been used for isolation and characterization of novel biomolecule(s) relevant for white, grey, and red biotechnologies. The major objective of this review is to discuss the applications of metagenomic approach for bioprospection of novel biomolecule(s) and environmental bioremediation.
ABSTRACT
The aim of the present review was providing help for the assessment of the correct interpretation of gallbladder wall thickening and differential diagnosis at ultrasonography Gallbladder wall thickening is a frequent son graphic finding and has been subject of great interest for being considered as a hallmark feature of acute cholecystitis, despite the fact that such a finding is observed in a number of other medical conditions An appropriate characterization and interpretation of ultrasonography finding are of great importance, considering that the correct diagnosis has a direct impact on the treatment that in some cases includes surgery In this article, describe a set of son graphic finding that is an association with the clinical and laboratory findings can reduce the number of diagnostic hypotheses allowing a more accurate establishment of the cause for gallbladder wall thickening through a rational data evaluation Sonography is used as the initial imaging technique for evaluating patients with suspected acute calculus cholecystitis because of its high sensitivity at the detection of GB stones, real-time character, speed, and portability Cholescintigraphy has the highest sensitivity and specificity in the patients who are suspected of having acute cholecystitis The use of cholescintigraphy is limited in clinical practice Due to a combination of reasons including logistic drawbacks, broad imaging capability, and clinician referral pattern CT is particularly useful for evaluating the many complicated cases of acute calculous cholecystitis Relatively high cost of MRI and lack of widespread availability the MRI is prohibits its primary use in the patients with acute calculous cholecystitis The US are currently considered the preferred initial imaging technique for patients who are clinically suspected of having acute calculous cholecystitis