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Migraine is a complex neurological condition, which can affect the whole body and can result in many symptoms as nausea, vomiting, photophobia (Increased sensitivity to light), phonobhobia (Increased sensitivity to sound) and osmophobia (Increased sensitivity to smell). Neurological symptoms that include visual disturbances such as blind spots, distorted vision, flashing lights or zigzag patterns. Other common symptoms includes- dizziness, vertigo, tingling sensations in the limbs, an inability to concentrate, confusion, difficulty in speaking, paralysis or loss of consciousness (in very rare cases). These symptoms, often called ‘aura’. Migraine attacks may differ in their frequency, duration and severity, although, normally they last between 4 and 72 hours, and most people are symptom-free between attacks. There are many drugs for the treatment of acute attack of migraine which can be divided into mild, moderate and severe attacks. In mild case NSAIDs like Paracetamol, Ibuprofen are prescribed. In moderate cases Anti-emetics like metoclopramide, domperidone can be prescribe with combinations of NSAIDs or triptans as sumatriptan. In case of severe cases triptans can be prescribed with ergot alkaloids and antiemetics. Following drugs are prescribed for the prophylaxis of migraine as sodium valproate, amitriptyline (Tricyclic antidepressant), propranolol and metoprolol (beta blockers). Erenumab-aooe is a calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor antagonist. It is specifically indicated for the preventative treatment of migraine in adults. Erenumab-aooe is supplied as an injection for subcutaneous use. The recommended dosage is 70 mg injected subcutaneously once monthly. Some patients may benefit from a dosage of 140 mg injected subcutaneously once monthly, which is administered as two consecutive subcutaneous injections of 70 mg each. Erenumab-aooe is a human monoclonal antibody that binds to the calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor and antagonizes CGRP receptor function.
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Background: The use of pharmaceutical products in our day to day life is escalating and one cannot deny their presence in every household. Unfortunately not all the medicines that reach our homes get consumed. Unused, unwanted and expired drugs get accumulated over time and are generally disposed along with other household trash thus contributing to environmental pollution. This turns our attention towards the significance of eco-pharmacovigilance. Assessing the level of knowledge and awareness of students under training as health care professionals regarding safe disposal of pharmaceutical wastes can help us to partly assess the magnitude of the problem of inappropriate disposal methods and help us to plan and initiate steps to prevent the hazards caused by improper disposal of these items.Methods: A questionnaire based cross-sectional study was conducted among medical and paramedical students of a tertiary care teaching hospital using a pre-validated questionnaire from previous studies.Results: Majority of the participants were not aware of the possible hazards of improper disposal of pharmaceutical wastes. They expressed the need for awareness programs regarding the subject.Conclusions: The study revealed the practice of drug accumulation at home. The disposal methods opted by the participants were not the recommended methods. There is a need to address this issue through awareness programs at various levels.
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Background: Fever remains the most enigmatic clinicalsymptom to treat. The differential diagnosis of Fever ofunknown origin is the most wide-ranging in medicine. Hence;the present study was conducted for assessing the patientswith Undiagnosed Fever in a Known Population.Materials & Methods: A total of 85 patients with undiagnosedfever were enrolled in the present study. Thorough clinicalexamination of all the patients was carried out. Blood sampleswere obtained from all the patients and routine investigationswere carried out. Patients remaining undiagnosed after thatwere referred to higher centers. All the results were recorded inMicrosoft excel sheet and were analysed by SPSS software.Chi- square test was used to assess the level of significance.Results: In all these patients, final diagnosis was establishedbased on haematological and clinical examination. Finaldiagnosis was found to be infectious in 49.41 percent of thecases, while it was found to be inflammatory (non-infectious) in16.47 percent of the cases. Haematological pathology wasfound to be present in 12.94 percent of the cases.Undiagnosed cases were found to be 5 in number.Conclusion: Undiagnosed fever might occur in such variablepathologies as infections, malignancy and drug effect and dueto environmental toxicity. Even after intensive search, theetiology of a sizeable proportion of fevers remains unclear.
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Background: Self-medication is very common in our day to day life which is an unhealthy and risky practice. Present study was done to determine the knowledge, attitude and practice among second professional medical students.Methods: A questionnaire related to self-medication with consent was prepared and distributed among the students of second professional. Data was collected and analysed the results expressed as counts and percentages.Results: Total 100 students participated in the study for taking self-medication and was no need to visit the doctor for minor illness. In maximum students, source of information of the drugs used for self-medication pharmacological based and learning process in the college. The source of drug was medical store. Most of the students took self-medication for loose motion and headache followed by cough, cold and fever. Out of total 100 students most of the students took paracetamol tablet as self-medication.Conclusions: This study showed that second professional medical students after studying pharmacological books they do not use any wrong medicine as self-medication. High level of awareness of second professional students has minimized self medication.
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Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a growing cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide Abnormalities in thyroid hormone regulation are encountered frequently in nonthyroidal diseases. Hence; the present study was undertaken for assessing the correlation of thyroid hormone among COPD patients. Materials & Methods: In the present study, a total of 200 patients were enrolled, which were diagnosed to be suffering from COPD. Complete medical history and family history of all the subjects was also obtained. Blood samples were taken from all the patients and were sent to laboratory for assessment of thyroid profile. COPD patients were divided into four stages as follows: Stage 1- Mild, Stage 2- Moderate, Stage 3- Severe, and Stage 4- Very Severe. All the results were recorded in Microsoft excel sheet and were analyzed by SPSS software. Results: Thyroid dysfunction was found to be present in 47 patients (23.5 percent of patients). Among 200 COPD patients, 52, 45, 50 and 53 patients were of stage 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively. Among 53 patients of stage 4, thyroid dysfunction was found to be present in 33.96 percent of the patients. Among 50 patients of stage 3, thyroid dysfunction was found to be present in 24 percent of the patients. Among 45 patients of stage 2, thyroid dysfunction was found to be present in 20 percent of the patients. Among 52 patients of stage 1, thyroid dysfunction was found to be present in 15.38 percent of the patients. Conclusion: Thyroid dysfunction is a serious health problem affecting more commonly in patients with stage 3 and stage 4 COPD.
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Introduction: Multimodal anaesthesia techniques includeregional anaesthesia in the form of paravertebral block andvarious anaesthetic drugs which acts on different sites of painpathway with different mechanism of action, results in goodquality of analgesia with minimal side effects. They improverecovery along with early mobilization and rehabilitationand early resumption. This technique lowers the level ofinflammatory cytokines. Due to this we aim to evaluate theeffects multimodal anaesthesia technique on level of IL-6inflammatory cytokines in breast carcinoma surgery.Material and Methods: Patients were randomized intofollowing three groups (n=30 in each group) using a computergenerated random number tables. Group I: paracetamol 10 mg/kg, Group II: paracetamol at 10 mg/kg and dexmedetomidine0.5μg/kg, Group III: paracetamol 10 mg/kg, dexmedetomidine0.5 μg/kg and paravertebral block with levobupivacaine.Fentany (2 μg/kg) with general anaesthesia were common inall three groups. Statistical Analysis: All the categorical datawas compared by using student “t” test, chi-square test andparametric data by analysis of variance (ANOVA).Results: Patients of group III was haemodynamically morestable as compared to group II and I. IL-6 level was 358.15, ingroup I, 354 in group II and 346.65 in group III preoperativelywhile 324.85 in group I, 320.95 in group II, 278.35 in group IIIafter 2 hour surgery. IL-6 level was significantly different ingroup III as compared to group II and group I postoperatively.Conclusion: Multimodal approach is a better anesthetictechnique in terms of hemodynamic stability with decreasedlevels of IL-6 inflammatory cytokines.
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Background: India has made tremendous progress in allfronts since independence including food production. Scurvy isa clinical syndrome that results from vitamin C deficiency.Hence; the present study was undertaken for assessingVitamin C Deficiency among Population in Semi Urban Area.Materials & Methods: The net semi-urban population in thepresent study was 796 patients. After obtaining the writtenconsent in these patients, blood samples were taken and weresent to the department of general pathology. From the bloodsamples, plasma concentrations of vitamin C were calculatedusing an-autoanalyzer. All the results were recorded inMicrosoft excel sheet and were analyzed by SPSS software.Results: A total of 796 semi-urban subjects were analyzed.Among these 796 subjects, deficient levels of vitamin C wasfound to be present in 28.64 percent of the patients, while suboptimal and adequate levels of vitamin C was found to bepresent in 26.64 and 44.72 percent of the patients. Among 228vitamin C deficient subjects, 39.48 percent belonged to the agegroup of more than 45 years. 54.82 percent of the Vitamin Cdeficient patients were males while the remaining werefemales.Conclusion: Vitamin C deficiency is prevalent in significant insignificant amount among semi-urban population.
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The cyanobacterium Oscillatoria agardhii was isolated from the fresh water Mawatha lake, Jaipur and was grown in Zarrouk's medium at 25 ± 2°C, illuminated with white fluorescent light at the intensity of 2 500 lux with 12:12 h light and dark photoperiod. The effects of photoperiod and temperature on the growth and protein expression by Oscillatoria agardhii were studied under different controlled culture conditions (ALR, ALC, CLR, CLC, and NDL), measuring optical density, cell count and dry weight. Protein content was measured quantitatively by Bradford assay and qualitatively by SDS-PAGE. The densitometric analysis was also carried out for the measurement of the expression level of different proteins/peptides under different culture conditions. Maximum growth and protein content were observed in ALR condition while minimum was in the CLC. Alternate light and dark periods proved efficient as contrasting banding patterns were observed with many new unique polypeptides such as 32, 36.3, 47.9, 60.8, and 67.0 kDa, whereas, expressions of three polypeptides of 57.2, 110.1, and 117.3 kDa were inhibited in constant light cultures.
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History, 20th Century , History, 21st Century , Humans , India , Thoracic Surgery/historyABSTRACT
In order to find out optimum culture condition for algal growth, the effect of light irradiance and temperature on growth rate, biomass composition and pigment production of Spirulina platensis were studied in axenic batch cultures. Growth kinetics of cultures showed a wide range of temperature tolerance from 20 ºC to 40 ºC. Maximum growth rate, cell production with maximum accumulation of chlorophyll and phycobilliproteins were found at temperature 35 ºC and 2,000 lux light intensity. But with further increase in temperature and light intensity, reduction in growth rate was observed. Carotenoid content was found maximum at 3,500 lux. Improvement in the carotenoid content with increase in light intensity is an adaptive mechanism of cyanobacterium S.platensis for photoprotection, could be a good basis for the exploitation of microalgae as a source of biopigments.
Subject(s)
Carotenoids/analysis , Cyanobacteria/growth & development , Chlorophyll/analysis , Phycobiliproteins/analysis , Kinetics , Spirulina/growth & development , Methods , MethodsABSTRACT
In Ayurvedic practice Butea monosperma (Palash) is in clinical use for hundreds of years as a contraceptive. Seeds of Butea monosperma are also used as an anthelmitic (Ansani et al., 1979) and antimicrobial (Avirutnant & Pongpan, 1983). Butea monosperma (Fabaceae family) locally known as Palash (Dhak) if given for 3 consecutive days acts as an antifertility agent for which it has been is traditionally used since time immemorial. The objective of the present study was to search the effect of Butea monosperma seeds on the ovary of mice. Observations in the present study were massive degeneration of ova in almost all the follicles, irrespective of the stage of their development. The ova from treated animals showed different stages of necrotic process. Moreover, the arrangement of follicular cells was also disturbed. The Palash seeds in the form of powder when administered orally with distilled water, according to the body weight i.e.2g/Kg, of female mice, for three consecutive days showed notable changes in ovaries. The animals were sacrificed on day next to the last day of treatment and ovaries were extirpated. Ovaries studied histologically after Haematoxylin & Eosin staining showed most of the follicle in immature state with undefined nucleus and nucleoli in the ovum. Others showed degenerative changes in the ovum. Follicles had lost their normal shape and arrangement and organization of granulosa cells. It was conspicuous to find that almost all follicles including graafian follicles of treated ovaries were undergoing degenerative changes simultaneously. The rate of apoptosis in the granulosa cells when studied was found increased in treated cases as compared with control. The study suggests that the disintegration of ova in the ovaries is a specific effect of Butea monosperma seed administration.
En la práctica Ayurvédica Butea monosperma (Palash) se encuentra en uso clínico durante cientos de años como método anticonceptivo. Semillas de Butea monosperma también se utilizan como un antihemético y antimicrobiano. Butea monosperma (familia Fabaceae) conocida localmente como Palash (Dhak) si se administra durante 3 días consecutivos actúa como un agente anticonceptivo que se utiliza tradicionalmente desde tiempos inmemoriales. El objetivo del presente estudio fue buscar el efecto de las semillas de Butea monosperma en ovarios de ratones. Se obsevó degeneración masiva de los óvulos en casi todos los folículos, independientemente de la fase de su desarrollo. Los óvulos de los animales tratados mostraron las diferentes etapas del proceso necrótico. Por otra parte, la disposición de las células foliculares se mostró alterada. El polvo de semillas de Palash, cuando se administra a los ratones, por vía oral en agua destilada, i.e. 2g/Kg peso corporal, durante tres días produce cambios en los ovarios. Los animales se sacrificaron al día siguiente terminado el tratamiento y fueron extirpados los ovarios. Los ovarios se estudiaron histológicamente con HE mostrándose la mayoría de los folículos en estado inmaduro, con núcleo definido y nucléolos en el óvulo. Otros mostraron cambios degenerativos en los óvulos. Los folículos habían perdido su forma normal y la disposición y organización de células de la granulosa. Se encontró que casi todos los folículos incluyendo los folículos mostraban cambios degenerativos de manera simultánea. En los casos tratados, la tasa de apoptosis en las células de la granulosa estaba aumentada, en comparación con el grupo control. El estudio sugiere que la desintegración de los óvulos en los ovarios es un efecto específico de la administración de las semillas de Butea monosperma.
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Mice , Butea , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Ovarian Follicle , Ovarian Follicle/pathology , Seeds , Apoptosis , Plant Extracts/administration & dosage , Fabaceae , Ovary , Ovary/pathologyABSTRACT
The present study assessed central nervous system (CNS) and immune system changes in murine fetuses after cyclophosphamide (CP) exposure during intrauterine life. A single CP dose of 0, 10, or 20mg/kg body weight was administered by intraperitoneal inj ection to pregnant mice (20/group) on day 11 of gestation (GD 11) and fetuses were evaluated on day 19 of gestation (GD 19). Fetuses were examined for external changes, and then the brains and thymuses were removed for further evaluations of histological changes, protein content, apoptotic cell count, DNA fragmentation, and in vitro cell proliferation using 1 fetus/litter for each assessment. Brains and thymuses from CP-exposed fetuses were smaller in size and distorted in overall shape compared to those from the control group. Estimated mean protein content (mg/mL) of brains was decreased in the CP-exposed groups. In both brain cells and thymocytes there was an increase in mean apoptotic cell counts and in mean percent DNA fragmentation in the exposed groups. The in vitro cell proliferation assays conducted with cells from exposed fetuses exhibited a mean decrease in the number of both brain cells and thymocytes generated. These findings indicate that maternal CP treatment on GD 11 in mice results in marked fetal toxicity characterized by reduced live litter size, fetal body weights as well as brain and thymic weights and malformations which are accompanied by changes in brain protein content, brain and thymic apoptosis, DNA fragmentation and in vitro cell proliferation at term.
El presente estudio evaluó los cambios en el sistema nervioso e inmunológico en fetos de roedores, luego de exposición a ciclofosfamida (CF) durante la vida intrauterina. Una dosis única de CF de 0, 10, y 20 mg/kg de peso se administró por medio de inyección intraperitoneal en ratas preñadas (grupo de 20) en el día 11 de gestación (DG11) y luego los fetos se evaluaron en el día 19 de gestación (DG19). Fueron examinados los cambios externos de los fetos, y los cerebros y timos se extrajeron para evaluar los cambios histológicos, contenido de proteínas, conteo de células apoptóticas, fragmentación de DNA y proliferación de células in vitro, usando 1 feto por carnada para cada evaluación. Los cerebros y timos de fetos expuestos a CF eran pequeños y completamente deformados , comparado con los del grupo control. La estimación del contenido proteico (mg/mL) de los cerebros estuvo disminuida en los grupos expuestos a CF. En las células del cerebro y timocitos hubo un incremento en el promedio del conteo de células apoptóticas y el porcentaje promedio de la fragmentación de DNA en los grupos expuestos. Los ensayos de proliferación celular in vitro realizados en células de fetos expuestos, mostraron una disminución en el promedio de células cerebrales y timocitos generados. Estos hallazgos indican que el tratamiento materno en el DG11 con CF en ratones significa una marcada toxicidad fetal caracterizada por un reducido tamaño de los nacidos vivos de la carnada, reducidos pesos fetal, cerebral y del timo y malformaciones, las cuales son acompañadas por cambios en el contenido proteico cerebral, apoptosis de células cerebrales y del timo, fragmentación del DNA y proliferación celular in vitro al término.
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Female , Mice , Thymus Gland/drug effects , Central Nervous System/drug effects , Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating/toxicity , Cyclophosphamide/toxicity , Fetus/drug effects , Thymus Gland/pathology , In Vitro Techniques , Photomicrography , Central Nervous System/pathology , Cell Proliferation , DNA FragmentationABSTRACT
This comprehensive anatomical study on bones and X-rays regarding pedicles of lumbar vertebrae was performed in two parts. In the first part of the present work direct gross measurements of 3 different diameters (v, d, and 1) of both the pedicles of LI to L5 vertebrae (200 male and 200 female) were recorded through sliding vernier caliper. In the second part plain anteroposterior radiographs of the lumbar spine from 500 individuals (250 males and 250 females) were collected, and divided in 6 age groups and 2 different diameters (t and h) were recorded. The minimum horizontal diameter (d) of both the pedicles increased from LI to L5. Whereas, the vertical height (v) of both the pedicles increased from LI to L2, decreased from L2 to L3 and increased from L3 to L5. The anteroposterior length (1) increased bilaterally from LI to L2 and decreased from L2 to L5. All the aforementioned parameters were greater in male than corresponding vertebrae of female. Same trends were confirmed by the radiological study. The maximum horizontal diameter (t) of pedicles on both sides of vertebrae was significantly greater in females in less than 20 years of subjects, due to early pubertal growth spurt, whereas it was significantly greater in males in rest of all the age groups at all segments of vertebral spine. The maximum vertical height (h) of both the pedicles was significantly greater in males of age groups greater than 30 years from LI to L5.
Este estudio sobre huesos y radiografías del pedículo de las vértebras lumbares fue realizado en dos partes. En la primera se midieron directamente con un caliper, 3 parámetros (v, d, y 1) en los pedículos de Ll a L5 (200 casos de sexo femenino y 200 de sexo masculino). En la segunda parte, se recolectaron 500 radiografías anteroposteriores (250 de hombres y 250 de mujeres) y se dividieron en 6 grupos etarios, registrándose dos diferentes diámetros (t y h). El diámetro horizontal menor se incrementó de Ll a L5 mientras que la altura vertical (v) de ambos pedículos de Ll a L2, decreció de L2 a L3 y se incrementó de L3 a L5. La longitud anteroposterior (1) se incrementó bilateralmente de Ll a L2 y decreció de L2 a L5. Todos los parámetros mencionados fueron mayores en el hombre que en la mujer. Los mismos se confirmaron en el estudio radiográfico. El diámetro horizontal máximo (t) de los pedículos de ambos lados fue significativamente mayor en mujeres con menos de 20 años debido a un temprano crecimiento acelerado en la pubertad mientras que, fue significativamente mayor en los hombres en todos los grupos etarios, en la totalidad de las vértebras. La altura vertical máxima de ambos pedículos fue significativamente mayor en los hombres del grupo mayor de 30 años desde Ll a L5.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Anthropometry , Spine/anatomy & histology , Lumbar Vertebrae/abnormalitiesABSTRACT
During routine dissection in the Department of Anatomy following anatomical variations of phrenic nerve were observed on right side in the neck region of a middle aged cadaver. The phrenic nerve in its early course close to its origin was giving a communicating branch to C5 root of brachial plexus and at the level of the root of neck just before entering the thorax, the phrenic nerve was placed anterior to the subclavian vein. This unique case of phrenic nerve variation gains tremendous importance in context of subclavian vein cannulation, implanted venous access portals, and supraclavicular nerve block for regional anesthesia.
Durante una disección de rutina en el Departamento de Anatomía, observamos una variación anatómica del nervio frénico en el lado derecho del cuello de un cadáver de mediana edad. El nervio frénico cercano próximo a su origen dio un ramo comunicante para la raíz C5 del plexo braquial. A nivel de la raíz del cuello, justo antes de entrar al tórax, el nervio frénico se colocaba anterior a la vena subclavia. Este caso único de variación del nervio frénico adquiere una gran importancia en caso de canulación de la vena subclavia, implantes venosos accesos portales, y bloqueo del nervio supraclavicular por anestesia regional.