ABSTRACT
Background: Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is one of the macrovascular complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). There is significant difference in the reported prevalence of PAD and its associated risk factors between Indian and Western studies. The purpose of this study was to examine the PAD complicating T2DM, in particular the influence of PAD on the risk of CAD.Methods: Randomly selected 100 T2DM patients presented to Guru Nanak Dev hospital were included. In addition to a detailed history and physical examination, anthropometric parameters like body mass index was measured. CAD in patients was diagnosed by a history of angina, ECG changes, any past history of CAD or any treatment taken for CAD. Ankle brachial index (ABI) was measured. Data was collected systematically and analyzed according to the standard statistical methods.Results: The prevalence of PAD was 15%. CAD was present in 31%. PAD was found to be significantly correlated with age, duration of diabetes, smoking, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, prevalence of BMI >25 kg/m2, HbA1c and serum HDL ≤40 mg%. Old age, high HbA1c level, and dyslipidaemia were found to be significant independent predictors of CAD.Conclusions: Using ABI authors found evidence of PAD in 15% patients of T2DM. The prevalence of CAD was higher in patients with PAD. So, there is definite and strong correlation between PAD and CAD. Thus, the early diagnosis of PAD should alert the clinician to a high probability of underlying CAD.
ABSTRACT
Host choice for oviposition by insects is an indicator of the antixenotic factors present in a plant. The expression of antixenosis in 20 maize genotypes against Sesamia inferens (Walker) was measured by studying its relative ovipositional preference under multi-choice test and confirmed by no-choice test. The genotype WNZPBTL 6, E9-B and HKI 1040-11-7 expressed significantly high level of antixenosis in terms of less number of eggs (4.33, 4.67 and 5.33) under multi choice test. The genotype E37-A (O) displayed least antixenosis as indicated by the highest number of eggs (112.33) laid on it by the gravid females. The least number of plants (8.33 percent) utilized for egg laying in E9-B and E30 showed the ovipositional aversion of females on these genotypes. In no-choice test, the genotypes E9-B, AEB(Y)C5 55-1 and AEB(Y)C5 34-1 were found least preferable as only single egg mass per plant was deposited on these genotypes. The egg load per plant varied from 13.33 eggs in E9-B to 88.5 eggs in Hyd 05R/2-1. Significantly less number of plants of the genotypes E5-O, E9-B, E30, AEB(Y)C5 55-1 and AEB(Y)C5 34-1 chosen for egg laying indicated their high degree of antixenosis. Relatively less egg load per plant in genotypes E9-B, AEB(Y)C5 55-1, AEB(Y)C5 34-1, HKI 1040-11-7 and PFSR S3 in both the test situations suggest high antixenosis in these genotypes. The results revealed that the genotypes E30, E 60(FC)O and HKI 164-7-4 ER-3 were not preferred for oviposition under multi-choice test while the female offloads some of its eggs on these genotypes in duress under no-choice test. The correlation coefficient of 0.59 between number of eggs per plant in multi-choice and no-choice test confirm the variable ovipositional preference among these germplasm
ABSTRACT
Food and drugs from nature place a quite significant role in public healthcare system throughout the world. Nutraceuticals have evolved from the recognition of the link between food and health. Nutraceuticals contain health-promoting ingredients or natural components that have a potential health benefit for the body. Consumer interest in the relationship between diet and health has increased the demand for information on nutraceuticals. Rapid advances in science and technology, increasing health care costs, an aging population and rising interest in attaining wellness through diet are among the factors fueling interest in nutraceuticals. Nutraceuticals currently on the market represent a small fraction of the possible products. The vast potential for functional foods will not be achieved without extensive scientific research to ensure the safety and efficacy of these products.
ABSTRACT
Despite the known health risks of nicotine addiction, numerous people still smoke cigarettes and use other forms of tobacco, and many have difficulty quitting. Nicotine is readily absorbed from tobacco, resulting in an almost immediate response from the chemical epinephrine released from the adrenal cortex and from the chemical dopamine and other chemicals released in the brain’s pleasure and reward systems. Creating a strong desire to repeat the pleasurable feelings nicotine drives the person to use more and more of it. One major step in treatment development occurred when researchers determined that the chemical nicotine is the key addictive component of tobacco. Based on this finding, scientists developed nicotine replacement strategies including the nicotine patch, the nicotine inhaler, and nicotine gum.