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Aim: The present study was conducted with the aim to collect and evaluate the available genetic diversity of chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) in order to identify promising accessions for cultivation as well as use in crop improvement. Methodology: A total 78 accessions of chilli were collected from Western himalayan region, i.e., Kashmir valley of India. Collected germplasm was evaluated at one location for fifteen quantitative traits of horticultural importance. Results: With ample diversity in these traits, a high coefficient of variation was found. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) revealed that first five principal components possessed eigen value > 1, cumulatively contributed > 65.2 percent of total variability. All the genotypes were grouped into five clusters showing non parallelism between geographic and genetic diversity. Interpretation: The genotypes grouped in different clusters may be utilized for hybridization programme to produce more heterotic recombinants.
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Purpose: The aim of this study is to report the prevalence, clinical and swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) characteristics of pachydrusen in eyes with central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR) and their fellow eyes. Methods: A total of 264 eyes of 132 patients with a diagnosis of CSCR (acute/persistent/recurrent/chronic/inactive) in atleast one eye, were analyzed in this retrospective, cross-sectional study. SS-OCT parameters including choroidal thickness (CT), large choroidal vessel layer thickness (LCVT) at fovea and the site of pachydrusen were recorded. Paired t test and analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare CT in eyes with CSCR (subfoveal and site of pachydrusen) and multiple groups respectively. Results: The mean age of the study patients was 42.9 � 9.5 years with 119 males (90.15%). Bilateral CSCR was present in 31 patients. Nine eyes (chronic, 4; persistent, 2; and inactive/resolved CSCR, 3) showed presence of pachydrusen with an overall prevalence of 6.82% (9 eyes of 9 patients out of 132 patients). There was no significant difference of subfoveal CT (SFCT) in eyes with CSCR (422.4 � 107.8 ?) vs fellow eyes (407.0 � 96.5 ?) and eyes with CSCR associated with pachydrusen (413.7 � 101.5 ?) vs fellow eyes of CSCR eyes with pachydrusen (431.6 � 188.8 ?) (P = 0.71). LCVT as a percentage of CT was higher at the site of pachydrusen compared to SFCT (69.8% vs. 50.8%). Conclusion: CSCR can be associated with pachydrusen with a lower prevalence rate than previously reported. Whether the thickened large choroidal vessels at site of pachydrusen play any role in formation in pachydrusen needs further evaluation.
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Purpose: A pilot randomized control trial to compare the efficacy and side effects of intralesional and oral propranolol in periorbital and eyelid capillary hemangiomas. Methods: Twenty patients were prospectively randomized to two groups of ten each. Group 1 was initiated on oral propranolol 1 mg/kg/day titrated to final dose of 3 mg/kg/day over 1 week which was continued for 6 months and then tapered over 1 week; Group 2 received 3 doses of direct intralesional propranolol hydrochloride 1 mg/ml; 0.2 ml/cm 4�6 weeks apart. Hemangioma area and corneal astigmatism were measured. Results: Within each group at 6 months there was a significant reduction in area (group 1: 83.48 � 11.67%,P= 0.0019; group 2: 67.78 � 21.71%,P= 0.0019) and improvement in astigmatism (pre, post: group 1: 2.98D @ 179.8�, 1.13D @ 179.8�,P= 0.0045; group 2: 1.62D @ 90.16�, 0.75D @ 179.9�,P= 0.0001). There was no difference in area reduction (P = 0.056), change in appearance (P = 0.085), ptosis (P = 0.23) and side effects (lethargy, poor feeding;P= 0.171) between the two groups. Conclusion: Efficacy and side effects with intralesional propranolol are comparable to oral propranolol for periorbital and eyelid lesions.
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A 7-year-old boy presented with history of blunt trauma 1 month back. Best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was 20/200 with optical coherence tomography (OCT) showing a large macular hole. Spontaneous closure of the macular hole seemed unlikely following a month of observation. Pars plana vitrectomy along with autologous retinal graft was performed. At subsequent follow up, hole appeared closed with nasal shrinkage of graft and BCVA improved to 20/100. OCT showed mechanical integration of the graft with adjoining retina. Autologous retinal graft is a feasible option in cases where conventional internal limiting membrane peeling shows lower anatomical success.
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Purpose: To report the diurnal variation in choroidal vascularity index (CVI) in subfoveal (SF-CVI) and peripapillary area in healthy eyes. Methods: The study was a cross-sectional study including 12 healthy subjects. Swept-source optical coherence tomography scans were taken at 9 am, 11 am, 1 pm, 3 pm, and 5 pm. Subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) and CVI were calculated using automated segmentation techniques and previously validated algorithms. Systemic parameters including systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure, mean arterial pressure, and mean ocular perfusion pressure were calculated and correlated with SFCT and CVI. Results: A total of 12 eyes (right eye) of 12 patients (mean age: 26 ± 3.77 years) were analyzed. The mean (±standard deviation) amplitude of SFCT and SF-CVI variation was 35.91 ± 14.8 ?m (range, 15–69 ?m) and 0.05 ± 0.02 (range, 0.02–0.08). The mean CVI showed a significant diurnal variation in the temporal quadrant of the peripapillary region (P = 0.02). Conclusion: SFCT and SF-CVI showed a significant diurnal variation in amplitude (peak–trough analysis) and SF-CVI correlated well with SBP suggestive of a direct influence of blood pressure on choroidal vascularity. The mean peripapillary CVI in the temporal quadrant also showed a significant diurnal variation with no significant change in other quadrants.
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Purpose: To report the prevalence of pachydrusen and their relationship with subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) and large choroidal vessel layer thickness (SF-LCVT) in eyes with polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV) and their fellow eyes. Methods: The case records of 50 patients (99 eyes; 59 PCV and 40 fellow eyes) were retrospectively analyzed for the presence of pachydrusen and other drusen types such as soft drusen. The diagnosis was established using colour fundus photography and optical coherence tomography (OCT). SFCT and SF-LCVT were measured and correlated with the different types of drusen. Results: The mean age of the study cohort was 62.26 ± 10.67 years and included 27 males and 23 females. Pachydrusen and soft drusen were seen in 14 (PCV: 8 and fellow eyes: 6) and 8 eyes (PCV: 2 and fellow eyes: 6) respectively. The mean SFCT and SF-LCVT in the eyes with and without pachydrusen was not significanty different (280.29 ± 103.11 ? vs. 292.63 ± 87.17 ?; P = 0.63 and 180.57 ± 59.20 vs. 173.73 ± 54.86 ?; P = 0.67, respectively). The pachydrusen were most commonly located near the vascular arcades and showed scattered distribution pattern. Though SFCT and SF-LCVT was lower in the eyes with soft drusen compared to eyes with pachydrusen, it failed to reach statistical significance (SFCT, P = 0.1 and SF-LCVT, P = 0.06). Conclusion: The prevalence of pachydrusen in PCV and their fellow eyes is lower in Indian population suggestive of ethnic variations. SFCT and SF-LCVT was not noted to vary signifcantly in eyes with and without pachydrusen in this study cohort.
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Purpose: To report the visual and anatomical outcomes of intravitreal ziv-aflibercept (IVZ) and bevacizumab (BVZ) monotherapy in treatment-naive polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV). Methods: This was a retrospective case series of 16 eyes (8 eyes each in IVZ and BVZ groups). The study period was from January 2016 to March 2018. The inclusion criteria were treatment-naive PCV patients who were treated with either IVZ or BVZ monotherapy on pro re nata protocol and followed up monthly for 6 months. The change in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), central macular thickness (CMT), and pigment epithelial detachment (PED) height was measured at baseline and 6 months. Results: A total of 16 eyes were studied. IVZ group had an improvement in BCVA by 0.15 logarithm of minimum angle of resolution (logMAR; approximately 1.5 lines) at 6 months, whereas BVZ group had a reduction in BCVA by 0.21 logMAR (approximately 2 lines) (P = 0.027). Five patients and one patient in IVZ and BVZ groups, respectively, had ?5 letters gain of BCVA. IVZ group had significant reduction in PED height (P = 0.048), whereas the change in CMT was not significant at 6 months (P = 0.681). The mean number of injections (2.87 ± 0.83 in IVZ and 2.25 ± 0.89 BVZ group; P = 0.168) and longest treatment-free interval (3.00 ± 2.20 months in IVZ and 2.12 ± 1.96 months in BVZ group; P = 0.41) were not significantly different. Conclusion: The visual and anatomical outcomes in terms of PED reduction in treatment-naive PCV patients were better in IVZ group compared with BVZ. IVZ monotherapy is a viable, cost-effective alternative in these patients with good safety profile.
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Purpose: To compare the effectiveness of treatment with intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB) and ziv-aflibercept (IVZ) in patients with macular edema (ME) post-branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO). Methods: Patients with treatment naïve ME post-BRVO were included retrospectively if they received either IVB (0.05 ml/1.25 mg) or IVZ (0.05 ml/1.25 mg) monotherapy with a follow up of 12 months. Results: Thirty-two and 17 eyes received IVB and IVZ, respectively. The mean improvement in best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was 0.36 ± 0.3 logarithm of minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) in the IVB group and 0.27 ± 0.3 in the IVZ group (P = 0.35). The mean change in central macular thickness was 178.9 ± 180.9 and 173.5 ± 344.4 ?m in IVB and IVZ groups, respectively (P = 0.94). The mean number of injections was higher in the IVB group (4.0 ± 1.8) compared with 1.82 ± 0.8 in the IVZ group (P < 0.0001). The IVZ group had significantly fewer number of visits (P < 0.0001) and longer maximum treatment-free intervals (P = 0.0081). Conclusion: IVZ appears to be cost-effective with the similar visual outcome and less number of visits in comparison to IVB.
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Purpose: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of 532 nm frequency-doubled Nd-YAG green laser for treatment of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Methods: This retrospective interventional case series included infants undergoing treatment for ROP with 532 nm green laser between January 2012 and March 2017 at a single tertiary-care referral center. Review of clinical records was done to identify baseline ROP characteristics, procedural difficulties, complications related to the laser procedure and outcome of treatment at ? 1 year of follow-up. Results: There are about 347 eyes of 182 infants were included in this present study. ROP presented in zone I in 76 eyes (21.9%) and zone II in 271 eyes (78.1%). Tunica vasculosa lentis (TVL) was present in 43.8% and pre-existing vitreous hemorrhage in 4.6% of the eyes. 532 nm green laser could be performed as a primary procedure in all eyes, including those with TVL. 322 eyes completed a minimum follow up of 1 year with a mean follow up of 22.8 months (range, 12–54 months). At the last follow-up visit, 298 (92.5%) of the 322 eyes had a favorable outcome. On logistic regression analysis, pre-existing fibrovascular proliferation (p = 0.04) and new-onset fibrovascular proliferation after treatment (p = 0.001) were the most significant independent predictors of poor outcome. Complications encountered were new-onset hemorrhage in 36 eyes (11.2%), anterior segment ischemia in two eyes (0.006%) and cataract in one eye (0.003%). Conclusion: 532 nm frequency-doubled Nd-YAG green laser appears to be safe and effective in the treatment of ROP.
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Purpose: To report the prevalence of pachydrusen in Indian population and their characteristics in relation to subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT), choroidal vascularity index (CVI) in comparison to eyes with soft drusen and subretinal drusenoid deposits (SDD) in age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Methods: The study was a retrospective, cross-sectional study involving patients with a diagnosis of dry AMD in at least one eye. The diagnosis of soft drusen, SDD, and pachydrusen was made on the basis of color fundus photograph and optical coherence tomography (OCT). SFCT and CVI was calculated and compared among the different subtypes of drusen. Results: A total of 169 eyes (143 dry and 26 wet AMD) of 85 patients with a mean age of 67.67 ± 9.57 years were included. In eyes with dry AMD, pachydrusen were seen in 12 eyes (8.4%) with a mean (±SD) SFCT of 289.66 ± 91.01 ?. The difference in SFCT was statistically significant (P = 0.001) using analysis of variance (ANOVA) test. The eyes with pachydrusen had significantly thickened choroid compared to the eyes with SDD (30 eyes; 21.0%) or combination of soft drusen and SDD (29 eyes; 20.3%) but not soft drusen (72 eyes; 50.3%). The difference of CVI in different subgroups was significant (P = 0.03). One eye in wet AMD group had concurrent pachydrusen. Comparison of SFCT and CVI in wet AMD and fellow dry AMD eyes were not significant. Conclusion: In Indian eyes with dry AMD, prevalence of pachydrusen (8.4%) is slightly lower compared to western literature (11.7%) and is associated with thicker choroid and higher CVI.