ABSTRACT
Background: Neuronal studies on diabetes mellitus (DM) were previously based on peripheral and autonomic nerves. With the advent of Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potential (BAEPs), studies on sensory pathways in the central nervous system become easier and more productive. BAEPs is a non-invasive electrophysiological tool to detect retro-cochlear lesion. Hence, it is helpful to detect early Impairment of the auditory nerve and brainstem function. Aim and Objective: DM Type 2 (T2DM) is a known cause of neuropathy and in earlier course, it involves sensory nerves. T2DM runs in families and it has a genetic predisposition. BAEP is one of the methods to find out problems related to hearing by analyzing latencies of waveforms and inter-peak latencies. Hence, BAEPs in apparently healthy subjects with and without family history of T2DM is assessed. Materials and methods: This is a cross-sectional, casecontrol study. We have taken 110 volunteers from MBBS students of IMS, BHU of 17–23 years of age. Those with co-morbid conditions (eg. diabetes and hypertension), neurodegenerative diseases, neuropathy, schizophrenia, and those on ototoxic and neurotoxic drugs are excluded from the study. After taking consent and conducting a preliminary physical examination, BAEPs are recorded using a proper BAEP recording device. Statistical analysis is done using SPSS 2016 software trial version with Chi-square test. Results: The subjects with positive family history of T2DM in paternal grandfather showed deviation in latencies of BAEPs wave I (P < 0.001), wave III (P = 0.019), wave V (P = 0.033), and inter-peak latency between wave I and wave V (P = 0.019) from the normal values in the left ear. The subjects with positive family history of T2DM in paternal grandmother showed deviation from the normal in case of V/I % in the right ear (P = 0.016). Conclusion: The presence of T2DM in families can affect the wave latencies and inter-peak latencies of BAEPs.
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Diabetes is an important public health problem,one of our priority non communicable diseases (NCDs)targeted for action by world leaders. Both the number of casesand the prevalence of diabetes have been steadily increasingover the past few decades. The global prevalence of diabeteshas nearly doubled in year 2014 since 1980, rising from 4.7%to 8.5% in the adult population. Study objective was to findout risk factors for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus among 40 yearand above in rural areas of Varanasi.Material and methods: A community based cross sectionalstudy was conducted in rural areas of Varanasi covering 40year and above. WHO, STEP approach was used for datacollection in this study. RBS and FBS blood sugar measuredand diagnosis was confirmed by WHO criteria. χ2 test wasapplied to find significant association.Results: The mean ±SD age of the study subject was55.19+11.92 years. The prevalence of smoking, alcoholintake, fruits consumption, vegetables consumption andphysical activity was 18.3%, 22.7%, 48.1%, 99.8% and 28.8%respectively. The overall prevalence of diabetes was 6.1%.The prevalence of overweight and obesity was found 15.5%and 32.5% respectively, while prevalence of hypertension was29%.Conclusion: Study showed that the association betweenphysiological risk factors such as obesity and hypertensionwith diabetes was statistically significant (p<0.05), whilebehavioural risk factors mentioned above were not statisticallysignificant (p>0.05).
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are a group ofdiseases that involves mainly Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)also known as Myocardial Infarction (MI) and Stroke. Thismay be caused by both Physiological and behavioural riskfactors. High blood pressure, hyperglycaemia, dyslepidemiaand obesity are physiological risk factors, while smoking, lackof exercise, unhealthy dietary practices and excessive alcoholconsumption are behavioural risk factors. Study objective wasto find out the risk factors associated with occurrence of 10year total risk of cardiovascular events (MI and Stroke) inrural areas of Varanasi District.Material and methods: This was a community based crosssectional study conducted in Varanasi district of Uttar Pradesh.All population aged 40 years and above of both genderswere included in this study. Interview schedule was used tocollect the baseline data and an anthropometric measurementand World Health Organization/ International Society ofHypertension (WHO/ISH) risk prediction chart for Indianpeople was used for risk assessment of MI and Stroke.Results: The prevalence of various risk factors amongparticipants was as obesity, 32.5% (95% CI: 30.4%-34.7%);hypertension, 29.0% (95% CI: 27.0%-31.1%); diabetes 6.1%(95% CI: 5.1%-7.3%) and smoking, 18.3% (95% CI: 16.6%-20.1%). The overall prevalence of 10 year risk of MI andStroke was found 26%. Out of these 16% (95% CI: 14.0%-17.3%) and 6% (95% CI: 4.9%-7.1%) respondents were inmoderate and high risk respectively. While 4% (95% CI:3.5%-5.3%) respondents had very high risk of MI and Stroke.Age and sex were found significantly associated with the riskof MI and Stroke. Risk factors like hypertension (P<0.05,χ2=516.39), diabetes (P<0.05, χ2=53.74) and smoking(P<0.05, χ2=41.06), were also significantly associated withthe development of MI and Stroke.Conclusion: This study shows the positive significantassociation between several risk factors (i.e. age, gender,hypertension, diabetes and smoking) with 10 year risk fordeveloping MI and Stroke.
ABSTRACT
Background: Hepatitis C infection is one of most common co-infection in HIV. HIV infection influences the natural evolution of chronic hepatitis by higher rate of viral persistence, accelerating fibrosis, cirrhosis progressing to end-stage liver disease. Objective: This retrospective study was conducted in order to see the response to Peg- IFN α-2b with Ribavarin in HIV HCV co-infection. Material and Methods: Alanine aminotransferase and Aspartate Aminotransferase, HCV RNA quantitative and Genotype study, Fibroscan, CD4 were collected from the medical records of ART centre. Results: The mean baseline viral load (log10) was 5.76, 3.00 at 1st month, 0.44 at 3rd month, 0 at 6th month and 12th month. RVR was observed in 77.7%, EVR in 88.8%, SVR of 100% at 6th and 12th month. The mean OT and PT reduction at 3rd month was 116.11(57.79%) and 132 (61.68%) respectively, at 6 month was 158 (78.65%) and 177.56 (82.97%) respectively, at 12th month was 159(79.14%) and 176.56 (82.50%). Fibrosis at the start of treatment was 19.0 KPa, 10.00 KPa at 6th month and 8.20 KPa at 12th month. Conclusion: Study shows that SVR can be achieved in HCV HIV co infected patients with IFN and Ribavarin therapy which in turn reduces the morbidity and mortality due to liver disease. Inspite of virological response, few patients continue to have deranged AST and ALT and progressive liver fibrosis.