ABSTRACT
The high labial frenal attachment in mandibular anterior segment is most commonly associated with inadequate width of attached gingiva. Insufficient attached gingiva contributed to the difficulty in oral hygiene maintenance and ultimately poor gingival health. Frenectomy, vestibular extension and gingival augmentation procedures either alone or in combination are often required to maintain adequate health of the gingiva. Clinical relevance Inadequate width of keratinised gingiva contributed to the difficulty in oral hygiene maintenance and ultimately poor gingival health. Frenotomy with free gingival graft (FGG) technique is most predictable in these situations. Objective To highlight the importance of keratinised gingiva and overview of the FGG technique.
ABSTRACT
Periodontal disease, including gingivitis and periodontitis, is considered to be one of the most common diseases among population and, if left untreated, can lead to tooth loss. The disease affects subjects in all age groups but is more common in adult population. Periodontal and gingival disease is a silent disease. The chronic, most prevalent form of periodontitis progresses in a slow to moderate manner and does not exhibit any clear symptoms especially in their early stage, however, it may include period of rapid destruction. Although this disease is not lifethreatening, it is an important public health problem because of its high prevalence, public demand, and its impact on individuals and society in terms of pain, discomfort, social and functional limitations and handicap, and the effect on quality of life. Besides that, the financial impact on the individual and community is very high especially in our fast developing country as the resource for such treatment is still imported from overseas. Also, a bidirectional link has been established between periodontal disease and systemic status in patients. Thus, the purpose of the present study was to explore perceptions of periodontal health and illness and to examine attitudes and beliefs regarding prevention of gum diseases among Malaysian population.
ABSTRACT
Haemorrhagic Septicaemia (HS), an acute and fatal disease of cattle and buffalo is primarily caused by serotype B:2 or E:2 of Pasteurella multocida. The transferrin binding protein A (TbpA) has been found to act as immunogen and potent vaccine candidate in various Gram negative bacteria including P. multocida. The present study was carried out to evaluate the potential of this antigen as a DNA vaccine against HS in mice model. The tbpA gene of P. multocida serotype B:2 was cloned in a mammalian expression vector alone and along with murine IL2 gene as immunological adjuvant to produce monocistronic and bicistronic DNA vaccine constructs, respectively. The immune response to DNA vaccines was evaluated based on serum antibody titres and lymphocyte proliferation assay. A significant increase in humoral and cell mediated immune responses was observed in mice vaccinated with DNA vaccines as compared to non immunized group. Additionally, the bicistronic DNA vaccine provided superior immune response and protection level following challenge as compared to monocistronic construct. The study revealed that DNA vaccine presents a promising approach for the prevention of HS.
ABSTRACT
Heavy metals contamination has been recognized as a major environmental concern due to their pervasiveness and persistence. These heavy metals are not biodegradable, hence there is a need to develop such a remediation technique, which should be efficient, economical and rapidly deployable in a wide range of physical settings. For the characterization of heavy metals of various industrial effluents, some heavy metals, like Arsenic, Cadmium, Chromium, Copper, Iron, Manganese, Nickel, Lead and Zinc were analyzed. The results exhibited that As, Cd, Cr and Pb were not found in any studied wastewater samples, while some of the following heavy metals ranged from: Cu (0.0 - 1.0 mg/L), Fe (0.1 - 0.4 mg/L), Mn (0.0 - 0.4 mg/L), Ni (0.01 - 0.07 mg/L) and Zn (0.68 - 60.84 mg/L). Copper, Iron, Manganese and Zinc were found above the standard limit recommended by IS: 3307 (1977). However, Nickel was found below the regulated safety values for all studied samples.