Laparohysterotomy for Managing Dystocia due to Uterine Inertia in a Sow: A Case Report

A nondescript sow with the history of delivering eight piglets and one remain in uterus since three days but unable to deliver was reported. The case was diagnosed as dystocia due to uterine inertia and laparohysterotomy was performed under general anesthesia, one male dead piglet was recovered successfully. The animal showed uneventful recovery.

Formulation and Optimization of Chronotherapeutic Drug Delivery from Carvedilol Sulphate Compression Coated Tablets by using Design of Experiment Approach.

The aim of this present work was to develop and optimize compression coated tablet of carvedilol sulphate for chronotherapeutic application by response surface methodology based on 32 factorial designs. Compression coated tablet containing carvedilol phosphate in the core was formulated with an outer coat by eudragit L 100 and ethyl cellulose. The percentage weight ratio of ethyl cellulose to eudragit L 100 and coating level were selected as critical process parameters (CPPs), whereas critical quality attributes (CQAs) were lag time and cumulative percentage drug release at 8 hr in current study. For optimization, the effects of critical process parameters upon the critical quality attributes were modelled using the polynomial equations involving critical process parameters and their interactions for various critical quality attributes. A numerical optimization technique was adopted to achieve optimized formulation which was also used as the check point.The observed responses were closed well with the predicted values. The formulation exhibited pulsed release profile after a programmed lag time and thus suitable for chronotherapeutic delivery. The study demonstrated a successful optimized formulation followed by evaluation of compression coated tablet of carvedilol sulphate for chronotherapeutic drug delivery.

Statistical Optimization of Olanzapine Ternary Solid Dispersions with Pvp K 30 and Peg 20,000 by Response Surface Methodology.

The aim of present study was to improve dissolution rate of olanzapine by means of solid dispersion using combination of hydrophilic polymer (PEG & PVP) by using response surface design. Solid dispersion containing olanzapine were prepared using PEG 20000 & PVP K 30 by melted fusion method. Response surface method was used for the optimization olanzapine solid dispersions. Amount of PEG 20000 and Amount of PVP K 30 were selected as the critical process parameters (Independent variable) whereas amount dissolved in 10 minute (Q 10) and amount dissolved in 45 minute (Q 45) were selected as critical quality attributes (dependent variables). Optimized solid dispersion batch was characterized using infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffractometry (XRD).Dissolution studies indicated a significant improvement in dissolution of olanzapine when dispersed in PEG 20000 and PVP k 30. XRD and DSC study indicated amorphous form of prepared solid dispersions. On the basis of numerical optimization technique, PEG 20000(X1) and amount of PVP K 30(X2) were 11.20 % and 14.53 % in optimized solid dispersion. The observed responses were closed well with the predicted values. The response surface method is found to be robust and accurate for optimization of solid dispersion for increase in solubility and dissolution rate of olanzapine, coherent with the needs of poorly water soluble drugs.

Statistical and evolutionary optimization for enhanced production of an anti-leukemic enzyme, L-asparaginase, in a protease-deficient Bacillus aryabhattai ITBHU02 isolated from the soil contaminated with hospital waste.

Over the past few decades, L-asparaginase has emerged as an excellent anti-neoplastic agent. In present study, a new strain ITBHU02, isolated from soil site near degrading hospital waste, was investigated for the production of extracellular L-asparaginase. Further, it was renamed as Bacillus aryabhattai ITBHU02 based on its phenotypical features, biochemical characteristics, fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profile and phylogenetic similarity of 16S rDNA sequences. The strain was found protease-deficient and its optimal growth occurred at 37 °C and pH 7.5. The strain was capable of producing enzyme L-asparaginase with maximum specific activity of 3.02±0.3 Umg-1 protein, when grown in un-optimized medium composition and physical parameters. In order to improve the production of L-asparaginase by the isolate, response surface methodology (RSM) and genetic algorithm (GA) based techniques were implemented. The data achieved through the statistical design matrix were used for regression analysis and analysis of variance studies. Furthermore, GA was implemented utilizing polynomial regression equation as a fitness function. Maximum average L-asparaginase productivity of 6.35 Umg-1 was found at GA optimized concentrations of 4.07, 0.82, 4.91, and 5.2 gL‑1 for KH2PO4, MgSO4.7H2O, L-asparagine, and glucose respectively. The GA optimized yield of the enzyme was 7.8% higher in comparison to the yield obtained through RSM based optimization.

A simple and effi cient Agrobacterium-mediated procedure for transformation of tomato.

We describe a highly effi cient and reproducible Agrobacterium-mediated transformation protocol applicable to several varieties of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum, earlier known as Lycopersicum esculentum). Conditions such as co-cultivation period, bacterial concentration, concentration of benzyl amino purine (BAP), zeatin and indole acetic acid (IAA) were optimized. Co-cultivation of explants with a bacterial concentration of 108 cells/ml for three days on 2 mg/l BAP, followed by regeneration on a medium containing 1 mg/ml zeatin resulted in a transformation frequency of 41.4%. Transformation of tomato plants was confi rmed by Southern blot analysis and β-glucuronidase (GUS) assay. The protocol developed showed very high effi ciency of transformation for tomato varieties Pusa Ruby, Arka Vikas and Sioux. The optimized transformation procedure is simple, effi cient and does not require tobacco, Petunia, tomato suspension feeder layer or acetosyringone.

New drug targets for Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

In spite of the availability of effective chemotherapy and Bacille-Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine, tuberculosis remains a leading infectious killer world-wide. Many factors such as, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) co-infection, drug resistance, lack of patient compliance with chemotherapy, delay in diagnosis, variable efficacy of BCG vaccine and various other factors contribute to the mortality due to tuberculosis. In spite of the new advances in understanding the biology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and availability of functional genomic tools, such as microarray and proteomics, in combination with modern approaches, no new drug has been developed in the past 30 yr. Therefore, there is an urgent need to identify new drug targets in mycobacteria and eventually, develop new drugs. The release of the complete genome sequence of M. tuberculosis has facilitated a more rational, and directional approach to search for new drug targets. In general, gene products involved in mycobacterial metabolism, persistence, transcription, cell wall synthesis and virulence would be possible targets for the development of new drugs. The exploitation of host cell signaling pathways for the benefit of the pathogen is a phenomenon that deserves to be looked into with a new perspective in the current scenario to combat M. tuberculosis. Reversible phosphorylation and dephosphorylation, which are carried out by specific protein kinases and phosphatases have been shown to modify the host proteins and help in the establishment of disease by several pathogenic bacteria. In this review, we discuss some possible drug targets for M. tuberculosis.