ABSTRACT
A sensitive and selective liquid chromatographic method coupled with tandem mass spectrometry has been developedand validated for the determination of cefdinir in human plasma. The analytes cefdinir and cephalexin [internalstandard] were separated on a reversed phase column [Merck, Purospher RP-C18, 30 X 4.6 [mm], 3 micro m] using a mobilephase consisting of an aqueous solution of formic acid in water [0.10 %] and acetonitrile [85: 15 v/v [%]], flow rate0.50 [mL/min.]. Detection utilized a tandem MS/MS, the analytes were ionized using an ESI source in the positive ionmode prior to detection and analysis using Multiple Reaction Monitoring mode [MRM]. The analytes were monitoredat the following transitions [m/z] 396.10 [right arrow] 226.90, and [m/z] 348.24 [right arrow] 158.10 for cefdinir and cephalexinrespectively. Cefdinir linearity was demonstrated over the concentrations ranging from 10 to 1200 [ng/ mL]. Thedeveloped method was fully validated prior to its application on a bioequivalence study involving cefdinir [125 mg/5ml] suspension in healthy volunteers [N= 26] under fasting conditions
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Risk Factors , Cholesterol , Lipoproteins , Hypertension , Smoking , Hyperlipidemias , Cardiac CatheterizationABSTRACT
Osteoporosis is a multifactorial disease and several risk factors are thought to influence its prevalence, many of which can be removed or modified. Even those risk factors that cannot be modified are important for identifying patients at- risk, who may gain most from therapies that change other risk factors. Moreover, broad variance in the osteoporosis epidemiological pattern among geographic and ethnic groups can be expected. The current cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the clinical illnesses associated with development of osteoporosis in the Jordanian society. Stratified sampling technique was employed to recruit women from middle, north and south regions of Jordan. The main settings of study procedures w ere two community hospitals in Amman city. Bone densitometry was performed for all subjects, while thorough assessment of clinical issues related to physical examination, social history, family history of osteoporosis, and past medical history was carried out using a structured questionnaire. After collection of fasting blood samples, we quantitatively explored the potential effect of lipid parameters, fasting blood sugar, thyroid hormones, and calcium level on absolute bone mineral density. Among the 400 participants, 119 [29.6%] were identified as having osteoporosis, 176 [43.8%] were osteopenic, and 107 [26.6%] had normal bone mineral density. In the multivariable logistic regression model, women aged 50 years or more were 7.27 times more likely to incur osteoporosis [95% CI, 2.68-19.74]. Clinical variables, which remained significantly associated with increased risk of osteoporosis in the final stepwise logistic model after adjustment for age and BMI were: current smokers of more than 25 cigarettes day, gastrointestinal disease, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, hypertension, and thyroid replacement therapy. Moderate physical activity, diabetes mellitus type I, clinical hyperthyroidism were significant protective factors. Family history of osteoporosis, clinical hypothyroidism, hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus type II, coronary artery disease, and corticosteroid therapy were not independent predictors of osteoporosis among the studied population. It is concluded that the high prevalence of osteopenia and osteoporosis among the Jordanian women, which is even encountered in younger age categories compared to previous international surveys, demonstrated multiple disease pattern, with the gastrointestinal disease being the most frequent illness. Therefore, prophylactic management standards accompanied with increased culture education are mandatory for further reduction in morbidity and cost implications
ABSTRACT
To examine the complex triple inter-relationship between dyslipidemia, menopause, and thyroid abnormalities in a group of Jordanian women during climacteric period. This is a preliminary descriptive pilot study of premenopausal, perimenopausal, and postmenopausal women who were visiting various clinics at Al-Basheer hospital and Ibn-Alhytham hospital over a period of two years [August 1999 to August 2001]. A total of 149 women were actually included in the study. The sampling method was randomized and on expedient basis. Lipid profile, fasting blood sugar, thyroid stimulating hormone, free thyroxine, and follicle-stimulating hormone were determined in the obtained blood samples. Other demographic, social, lifestyle, and clinical data were evaluated during a 4-hour interview/examination in a health clinic. The prevalence of dyslipidemia was 60% of which 20% were not previously diagnosed, and with similar rates in peri-and postmenopause. When further multiple comparisons were performed, postmenopausal women had significantly higher FBS than pre and perimenopausal subjects [P= 0.05], while their total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein [LDL] were only significantly elevated from premenopausal females [P= 0.01, P= 0.03, respectively]. Although the triglyceride levels were higher in postmenopause as contrasted to pre-and perimenopause categories, the final results did not reach the level of statistical significance [P=0.7]. The total prevalence of thyropathy based on TSH and free thyroxine levels in addition to past medical history was 29.5% of the study sample. However, no marked association was found between thyropathy and either menopausal status [OR=1.75, 95% CI, 0.6 to 5; P=0.3], or dyslipidemia [OR=0.7; 95% CI, 0.3 to 2; P=0.56]. In general, the high prevalence of thyroid disease in our female population was independent on age or the menopausal condition. Although dyslipidemia was strongly associated with postmenopause, it occurred at equal probabilities in both euthyroid as well as thyropathic postmenopausal women