ABSTRACT
The myelin-associated protein Nogo-A was considered to be the axon growth inhibitory factor, which participates in a variety of pathophysiological regulation of nervous system. In recent years, a growing number of studies have shown that Nogo-A protein is closely related to epilepsy by regulating dendritic plasticity, mediating abnormal nerve migration and regulating glial cell activation, etc. This article will review the research progress of Nogo-A in epilepsy in recent years.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND:There is a lack of the research concerning the biocompatibility of nano-hydroxyapatite/polyphenylene sulfide (nHA/PPS) composites.OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the in vivo biocompatibility of nHA/PPS composites based on the completed research in vitro.METHODS:Systemic toxicity test:Sprague-Dawley rats were given the intraperitoneal injection of nHA/PPS extract or normal saline.The general situation,body mass and the histological changes of the liver and kidney were observed at 72 hours after injection.Delayed type hypersensitivity test:nHA/PPS extract or normal saline was injected subcutaneously into the back of the rats.Afterwards,skin irritation symptoms were observed at 72 hours.Local reaction experiment:nHA/PPS composites and polyethylene were respectively implanted into the back of the rats.The pathological changes of the implanted materials and their surrounding tissues were observed at 15 and 30 days after implantation.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1) The rats were in good situation after nHA/PPS injection;the body mass increased steadily,which showed no significant difference from the control group (P ＜ 0.05);the morphology and color of the liver and kidney were normal,and the systemic toxicity of the composite materials was normal according to the degree of toxicity classification.(2) There were no obvious skin irritation symptoms after the subcutaneous injection of nHA/PPS composites,and the primary irritation index was less than 0.4,suggesting a low hypersensitivity.After implantation of nHA/PPS composites,there was no obvious degradation,absorption and rejection,and both the degree of inflammatory reaction (15 days ≤ level Ⅲ,30 days ≤ level Ⅱ) and the thickness of fibrous capsule (15 days ≤ level Ⅲ,30 days ≤ level Ⅱ) revealed the good biocompatibility of the composites.These results suggest that the nHA/PPS composites hold an excellent biocompatibility in vivo.
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Objective To detect the expression of bone morphogenetic protein receptor Ⅱ ( BMPR Ⅱ ) in human focal cortical dysplasia ( FCD Ⅱ b). Methods Fourteen specimens of FCD Ⅱ b surgically removed and pathologically verified were collected from June 2008 to June 2010 and the expression of BMPR Ⅱ in the normal brain tissues and the pathological specimens was detected by means of immunohistochemistry and western blot. Results In the normal brain tissues, BMPR Ⅱ was widely expressed in the cortical neurons of the grey matter, with no positive immunostaining in the white matter. In the cortical lesion of FCD Ⅱ b, BMPR Ⅱ was strongly expressed in the misshapen cells including balloon cells (BCs) , dysmorphic neurons (DNs) and giant neurons (GNs). Positive BMPR Ⅱ expression was also observed in the reactive astroeytes and low level expression of BMPR Ⅱ was found in the normal-appearing (NA) neurons. Western-blot analysis showed that BMPR Ⅱ expression tended to be lowered in the FCD Ⅱ b specimens compared with the normal brain tissues ( P < 0. 05 ). Conclusion The expression of BMPR Ⅱ is altered and reduced in the FCD Ⅱ b, suggesting that BMP signal pathway may participate in the pathogenesis of FCD.