ABSTRACT
L1 is the major capsid protein of human papillomavirus (HPV) encoded by late gene 1. Based on the fact that L1 can self-assemble into virus like particle (VLP) with good immunogenicity, it has aroused wide concern in studying the pathogenesis of and vaccines against HPV. Nevertheless, there are a few limitations of present L1-based HPV vaccines. For instance, low expression of the protein and the complexity of purification result in the relatively low yield of vaccines. Type-specific antibody induced by L1 also results in the unsatisfactory cross-protection rate. Furthermore, there is no reported therapeutic effect against HPV-related diseases because of its undefined role in virus eliminating. This review focused on the structure, immunogenicity and role in immune response of L1 and the development of and latest progress in HPV vaccines.
ABSTRACT
L1 is the major capsid protein of human papillomavirus (HPV) encoded by late gene 1. Based on the fact that L1 can self-assemble into virus like particle (VLP) with good immunogenicity, it has aroused wide concern in studying the pathogenesis of and vaccines against HPV. Nevertheless, there are a few limitations of present L1-based HPV vaccines. For instance, low expression of the protein and the com-plexity of purification result in the relatively low yield of vaccines. Type-specific antibody induced by L1 also results in the unsatisfactory cross-protection rate. Furthermore, there is no reported therapeutic effect against HPV-related diseases because of its undefined role in virus eliminating. This review focused on the struc-ture, immunogenicity and role in immune response of L1 and the development of and latest progress in HPV vaccines.
ABSTRACT
Objective:To study the cognitive characteristics of older women about the ethical issues and stipula-tion of test-tube baby technology. Methods:A survey was undertaken with 203 female patients, who were ran-domly selected from three hospitals in Xi′an accepted test-tube baby technology. The basic characteristics and ethical cognition regarding embryos, offspring, and informed consent were included in the questionnaire. Results:Female over 40 had a statistical significant higher score on the cognition of offspring (12. 48 ± 3. 08) and informed consent (13. 27 ± 2. 31) related ethical issues comparing to other age group (P<0. 05). Age, educational status, monthly income were statistically positive related to the scores of the Ethical Cognitive Scale ( P<0 . 05 ) . Conclu-sion:Older women paid more attention to medical risks and policy rules to test-tube baby. And they had a strong aspiration to obtain a child through surrogacy. For older women with low education, low-income, the ethical cog-nition was not ideal, hospitals should pay attention to the use of modern multimedia to help patients better under-stand related ethical issues in test-tube baby.
ABSTRACT
To establish single- and double-transfected transgenic cells stably expressing hMATE1, hMATE1 cDNA was cloned by RT-PCR from human cryopreserved kidney tissue, and subcloned into pcDNA3.1(+) plasmid by virtue of both HindIII and Kpn I restriction enzyme sites. Subsequently, the recombined pcDNA3.1(+)- hMATE1 plasmid was transfected into MDCK, MDCK-hOCT1 or MDCK-hOCT2 cells using Lipofectamine 2000 Reagent. After a 14-day-cultivation with hygromycin B at the concentration of 400 µg · mL(-1), all clones were screened with DAPI and MPP+ as substrates to identify the best candidate. The mRNA content of hMATE1, the cellular accumulation of metformin with or without cimetidine as inhibitor, or transportation of cimetidine was further valuated. The results showed that all of the three cell models over expressed hMATE1 mRNA. The cellular accumulation of metformin in MDCK-hMATE1 was 17.6 folds of the control cell, which was significantly inhibited by 100 µmol · L(-1) cimetidine. The transcellular transport parameter net efflux ratios of cimetidine across MDCK-hOCT1/hMATE1 and MDCK-hOCT2/hMATE1 monolayer were 17.5 and 3.65, respectively. In conclusion, cell models with good hMATE1 function have been established successfully, which can be applied to study the drug transport or drug-drug interaction involving hMATE1 alone or together with hOCT1/2 in vitro.
ABSTRACT
Objective To evaluate economic benefits of maintenance for medical equipment.Methods According to the maintenance tour records taken by Institute of Drug and Instrument Control in 2007,economic benefits of 21 kinds of normal medical maintenance were analyzed by using the database of Excel 2003.Result The total benefit cost ratio was 2.73.Conclusion Investment in maintenance for medical equipment has great economic effect.