ABSTRACT
Background: To assess and compare the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) for pain on intravenous injection in patients receiving the two different formulations of Propofol.Methods: Total 170 eligible patients were randomized into Group A receiving Propofol MCT/LCT and Group B receiving Propofol LCT. After standard pre-anaesthetic preparation and baseline values recording, the blinded investigator recorded pain intensity after injection of 1mL study drug propofol, using Visual Analog Scale (0-10). Haemodynamic parameters were recorded every minute for 5 minutes. Calculated Propofol dose was injected in 20 seconds, and signs of pain (hand withdrawal, grimacing) were noted. After patient regained full consciousness, recall of injection pain was asked for.Results: The proportion of patients who experienced pain was similar in both groups (group A: 76/85 =89.41%, group B: 81/85 = 95.29%; statistically not significant (p value=0.247). Patients in group A had longer time for pain onset (11.3 seconds-group A Vs 9.8 seconds-group B; statistically significant, p value =0.008). Pain on injection was higher in Propofol LCT group as compared to Propofol MCT/LCT (VAS scores of group A=3.94±2.0 vs group B = 5.49±1.96; statistically significant; p value = 0.0018). Full dose of Propofol MCT/LCT produced significantly less pain when compared to Propofol LCT (p value = 0.0424). Recall of pain was comparable between the groups. Haemodynamic parameters (Heart rate and Mean Arterial Pressure) remained comparable in both groups.Conclusions: Pain on injection was higher and statistically significant in Propofol LCT group as compared to Propofol MCT/LCT.
ABSTRACT
Background: Anemia is a global problem. Its prevalence in India is about 60%. Anemia directly or indirectly contributes to a significant proportion (40%) of maternal deaths in developing countries. The present study aimed to determine maternal outcome among pregnant women with severe anemia.Methods: This was a prospective study conducted in the department of obstetrics and gynecology, Mc Gann teaching district hospital, Shimoga, over a period six months i.e from January 2019 to June 2019. The study population included all pregnant women who were in their third trimester and with severe anemia (Hb%</=7g%) attending for routine care at our hospital. The interviews were conducted in regional language. The information collected was, social demographic characteristics, economic characteristics and reproductive health history. After the interviews, clinical examinations were conducted and clinical samples such as blood, urine and stool were collected to perform investigations.Results: A total of 94 study participants were included in the study. All study participants were belonged to the low socio-economic strata of the society. 68.1% of women in anemia group were from a rural background. Unbooked and referred cases constituted nearly 4/5th of all anemic subjects (84%). In study group, preponderance of illiteracy was reported and accounted for 60.64% followed by primary and secondary education 23.04% and 14.90% respectively. Common maternal complications noted in the severely anemic group was PPH (14.9%), post-partum febrile morbidity (5.3%), CCF (3.2%) and sepsis (4.2%) while in the control group only one woman had post-partum febrile morbidity.Conclusions: In our study, common maternal complications noted in the severely anemic group were post-partum hemorrhage, postpartum febrile morbidity, congestive cardiac failure and puerperal sepsis.
ABSTRACT
Background: Pregnancy, although being considered a physiological state, carries risk of morbidity and at times death. Maternal mortality is an indicator for health care provided to the women. The major causes of maternal mortality are preventable through regular antenatal check-ups, early diagnosis and management of complications. Aim: The aim of this study was to focus on incidence of various causes of maternal mortality, and about avoidable factors that can prevent maternal deaths. Materials and methods: A hospital record based study of maternal deaths over a period of 2 years from January 2017 to December 2018 was done. The information regarding demographic profile and reproductive parameters were collected and results were analyzed. Results: MMR over a period of 2 years (2017 and 2018) was 962 per 100000 live births. Most maternal deaths occurred in the age group 20-24years. Majority were multi parous and unbooked cases. Hypertension, hemorrhage, sepsis are major direct causes. Febrile illness, respiratory disorders, cardiovascular disorders, anemia being indirect causes. Conclusion: Majority of maternal deaths were preventable by proper antenatal care, early detection of high risk pregnancies and their timely referral to tertiary care centre.