ABSTRACT
Objective: Bipolar disorder (BD) is often left untreated for long periods, and this delay in treatment correlates with unfavorable prognosis. The present study sought to assess the magnitude of duration of untreated bipolar disorder (DUB) in Brazil. We hypothesized that DUB would be longer in Brazil than in developed countries, and would be associated with poor clinical outcomes. Methods: One hundred and fifty-two psychiatric outpatients were evaluated for BD diagnosis, demographics, DUB, and clinical outcomes. Results: The mean age and mean DUB were, respectively, 38.9±10.8 and 10.4±9.8 years. An extended DUB was associated with early onset of BD (p < 0.001), depression as first mood episode (p = 0.04), and presence of BD in a first-degree relative (p = 0.012). Additionally, a longer DUB was associated with poorer clinical outcomes, such as elevated rates of rapid cycling (p = 0.004) and anxiety disorders (p = 0.016), as well as lower levels of current full remission (p = 0.021). Conclusion: As DUB may be a modifiable variable, better medical education regarding mental health, more structured medical services, and population-wide psychoeducation might reduce the time between onset and proper management of BD, thus improving outcome.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Bipolar Disorder/diagnosis , Delayed Diagnosis/psychology , Time-to-Treatment , Bipolar Disorder/psychology , Brazil , Demography , Cross-Sectional Studies , Age Factors , Age of Onset , Middle AgedABSTRACT
Los métodos de saneamiento de plantas se basan fundamentalmente en el empleo combinado de cultivo in vitro de meristemos con tratamientos mediante hidrotermoterapia. Este trabajo se realizó con el objetivo de obtener plantas para usar como semilla libre de patógenos sistémicos, con énfasis en la enfermedad raquitismo de los retoños de la caña de azúcar (RSD). El trabajo se llevó a cabo con diferentes cultivares de caña de azúcar, los cuales fueron previamente identificados mediante marcadores bioquímicos basados en los patrones electroforéticos de isoenzimas peroxidasas. El saneamiento se realizó en tres etapas sucesivas mediante tratamiento hidrotérmico a 52 ºC durante 2h y uso del fungicida vitavax, un segundo tratamiento hidrotérmico a los meristemos a 51 ºC durante 10 min y una tercera etapa donde las vitroplántulas se propagaron en presencia del antibiótico gentamicina. La detección de RSD se efectuó mediante el empleo de la técnica de tinción de haces vasculares funcionales. Los resultados permitieron la creación de un banco de germoplasma de plantas libres de los principales patógenos bacterianos sistémicos y con alta calidad genética, lo que aportó semilla básica de excelente calidad para establecer semilleros. La conservación incluyó el mantenimiento de plántulas in vitro y la creación de un "banco de ADN" que permite conservar el genofondo en condiciones de laboratorio. Se propone finalmente una metodología para la obtención de plantas saneadas a partir de yemas y meristemos.
Methods for obtaining healthy plants are mainly based on the combined use of meristem in vitro culture and hydrothermotherapy. This work was carried out in order to obtain free- pathogen plants for using as seeds, emphasizing ratoon stunting disease (RSD) of sugarcane. The work was performed using a group of sugarcane cultivars, which was confirmed the variety identification by means of peroxidases isozymes electrophoretic patterns. Plant sanitation was performed in three successive steps by means of hydrothermal treatment at 52 ºC during 2h and using the fungicide vitavax, a second hydrothermal treatment at 51 °C during 10 min to the meristem and a third step in which vitroplantlets were propagated in presence of the antibiotic gentamicin. RSD detection was done by using the staining transpiration methods (STM) of functional bundles. Results allowed the creation of a germoplasm bank of sugarcane plants free of the most important systemic bacterial pathogens, with high genetic quality, which provided basic seed of excellent quality for establishing seedlings. Conservation included an in vitro-plantlets bank and the creation of a "DNA bank" which allows preserving the genetic fond in laboratory conditions. Finally a methodology for obtaining free-pathogens plants from buds and meristems is included.
ABSTRACT
A 30-year-old male who presented with indolent leg and foot ulcers, on investigation was found to have Klinefelter's syndrome associated with straight back syndrome.
ABSTRACT
Acute generalised exanthernatous pustulosis (AGEP) is a condition characterised by sudden onset of non-follicular aseptic pustules all over the body. It is distinct from pustular psoriasis with characteristic morphology, histopathology and evolution.