ABSTRACT
Abstract From the arrival of Chikungunya virus in the Americas in 2013 until March 2016, approximately two million cases of the disease have been reported. In Brazil, the virus was identified in 2014 and thousands of people have been affected. The disease has high attack rates, infecting 50% of a population within a few months. Approximately 50% of infected people develop chronic symptoms lasting for months or years. Joint involvement is the main clinical manifestation of Chikungunya. It is characterized by swelling and intense pain that is poorly responsive to analgesics, both in the acute and chronic phase of the disease. This significantly compromises quality of life and may have immeasurable psychosocial and economic repercussions, constituting therefore, a serious public health problem requiring a targeted approach. Physicians are often not familiar with how to approach the management of pain, frequently prescribing limited analgesics, such as dipyrone, in sub-therapeutic doses. In addition, there are few published studies or guidelines on the approach to the treatment of pain in patients with Chikungunya. Some groups of specialists from different fields have thus developed a protocol for the pharmacologic treatment of Chikungunya-associated acute and chronic joint pain; this will be presented in this review.
Subject(s)
Humans , Arthralgia/drug therapy , Chikungunya Fever/drug therapy , Analgesics/administration & dosage , Pain Measurement , Clinical Protocols , Acute Disease , Chronic Disease , Practice Guidelines as Topic , Arthralgia/virology , Chikungunya Fever/complicationsABSTRACT
RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a analgesia pós-operatória com instilação de solução de ropivacaína dentro da cavidade peritoneal em colecistectomia videolaparoscópica. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um ensaio clinico randomizado com 60 pacientes. No grupo intervenção (RP, n =30) foi realizada instilação de solução de ropivacaína a 0,5% nas regiões subdiafragmáticas direita e esquerda e no leito da vesícula biliar em iguais volumes de 10 mL. No grupo controle (SF, n =30) foi realizada instilação de solução fisiológica a 0,9%. Os pacientes de ambos os grupos receberam analgesia multimodal. No período pós-operatório foram avaliados os escores de dor abdominal e referida no ombro ao despertar e após 1, 2, 4, 6, 12 e 24 horas, além da necessidade de analgesia de resgate, consumo de opioide e eventos adversos. Foi considerado estatisticamente significativo o valor de p<0,05. RESULTADOS: Não houve diferença estatística entre os grupos em relação a dados demográficos e tempo anestésico-cirúrgico. O grupo intervenção apresentou escores de dor menores e estatisticamente significativos comparado ao grupo controle ao despertar (p=0,001), com 1 hora (p=0,019) e 2 horas (p=0,04) de pós-operatório, bem como menor consumo de opioide ao despertar (p=0,022) e no total nas primeiras 24 horas (p=0,001). O tempo para necessidade da primeira analgesia de resgate foi maior no grupo intervenção (p=0,001). CONCLUSÃO: A instilação de ropivacaína dentro da cavidade peritoneal reduziu os escores de dor nas primeiras duas horas e o consumo de opioide no pós-operatório.
ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: This study aimed at evaluating postoperative analgesia with ropivacaine instillation inside the peritoneal cavity in videolaparoscopic cholecystectomy. METHODS: This is a randomized clinical trial with 60 patients. The intervention group (RP, n = 30) received 0.5% ropivacaine instillation in right and left subdiaphragmatic regions and in gallbladder bed in equal volumes of 10 mL. The control group (SS, n = 30) received 0.9% saline solution instillation. Patients of both groups received multimodal analgesia. Scores of abdominal pain and referred pain in shoulder were evaluated at emergence and after 1, 2, 4, 12 and 24 hours, in addition to the need for rescue analgesia, opioid consumption and adverse events, considering statistically significant p<0.05. RESULTS: There has been no statistical difference between groups with regard to demographic data and anesthetic-surgical time. The intervention group had lower and statistically significant pain scores as compared to control group at emergence (p=0.001), 1 (p=0.019) and 2 (p=0.04) postoperative hours, in addition to lower opioid consumption at emergence (p=0.022) and in total in the first 24 hours (p=0.001). Time for first request for rescue analgesia was longer in the intervention group (p=0.001). CONCLUSION: Ropivacaine instillation inside the peritoneal cavity has decreased pain scores in the first 2 hours and postoperative opioid consumption.