La electrólisis percutánea intratisular: una revisión sistemática / Percutaneous intratissue electrolysis: a systematic review

La electrólisis percutánea intratisular es un procedimiento terapéutico tecnológico mínimamente invasivo para el tratamiento de lesiones en el sistema musculoesquelético mediante inflamación controlada y fagocitosis para recuperar el tejido afectado. Acerca de esta, se realizó un análisis de la producción científica publicada de 2014 a 2021. El estudio se realizó por medio de una revi-sión bibliográfica sistémica siguiendo la metodología PRISMA, que incluyó el uso de fuentes de información en las bases científicas: PubMed, SciencieDirect, EuropePMC, ResearchGate, Sage Journal, Thiem Connect y PHysiotherapy evidence database (PEdro). Previamente al procesa-miento de los datos, los documentos encontrados fueron sometidos diversos criterios de selec-ción. Los investigadores concluyeron que la electrólisis percutánea intratisular resulta un trata-miento efectivo para el tratamiento de tendinopatías crónicas, cuando se realiza combinado con un programa de ejercicios enfocado en la progresión de las cargas.

This work presents an analysis of the scientific production developed between 2014 and 2021 on percutaneous intratissue electrolysis. The objective is to analyze the bibliograpHy on the diffe-rent EPI interventions. The study was carried out through a systemic review following a methodological process according to PRISMA using various sources for the collection of information, such as: Pubmed, Scienciedirect, Europe PMC, Hindawi, Cochrane, Sage Journal, Thiem Connect, Pedro, Puerta Of the investigation. Selection and quality criteria were applied to these documents, with a subsequent analysis using qualitative techniques. In conclusion, intratissue percutaneous electrolysis turns out to be a favorable tool in the treatment of chronic tendinopathies as long as it is combined with an exercise program focused on load progression.

Efectos de la experiencia cultural en la percepción de excelencia e impacto económico de los asistentes al Festival Internacional Cervantino / Effects of cultural experience on the perception of excellence and economic impact of the attendees at the International Cervantino Festival

Resumen El Festival Internacional Cervantino (FIC) es el evento turístico cultural más importante de la ciudad de Guanajuato, que atrae cada año a miles de visitantes. El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar los factores que forman la experiencia de los asistentes al FIC, así como su relación con la percepción de la excelencia y del impacto económico, mediante la adaptación de un modelo estructural teórico basado en el modelo escandinavo de "Skot-Hansen y Linko y Silvanto". Se empleó una metodología cuantitativa, sustentada en un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales, basado en una encuesta hecha de manera no aleatoria por conveniencia a 709 visitantes en 2017. Los resultados identificaron que los factores ilustración, empoderamiento y entretenimiento, provocaron en los asistentes del festival, una experiencia memorable que anima, profundiza y enaltece de forma significativa sus vidas, aspecto que no siempre se ha valorado en este tipo de actividades. Además, la experiencia influye en la excelencia apreciada, impactando en la percepción de la calidad y profesionalismo de la organización y el nivel artístico del FIC. Los asistentes de este festival también percibieron que la excelencia apreciada en los factores de ilustración, empoderamiento y entretenimiento, beneficia la imagen positiva de Guanajuato; al fortalecerla como destino turístico, lo que repercute económicamente. Se concluye que el FIC logra buenas prácticas y políticas culturales, lo que es arduo de alcanzar y puede ser un argumento a favor de su propuesta.

Abstract The International Cervantino Festival (FIC) is the most important tourist cultural event in the city of Guanajuato since it attracts thousands of visitors every year. The objective of this research was to determine the factors that constitute the experience of FIC's attendees' as well as its relationship towards the perception of excellence and economic impact. A structural equation theoretical model based on the Scandinavian "Skot-Hansen and Linko and Silvanto" model was adapted for that purpose. A quantitative methodology was used, supported by a structural equations model, based on a survey with a non-random convenience sample of 709 visitors in 2017. Results identified that factors such as illustration, empowerment and entertainment produced a memorable experience among FIC attendees that encourages, deepens and heightens their lives in a meaningful way, an aspect that had not always been valued in these kinds of activities. Additionally, the experience also has an impact on perceived excellence, which impacts the perception of FIC's quality, professionalism, organization and artistic level. FIC's attendees also perceived that the excellence within illustration, empowerment and entertainment benefit Guanajuato's positive image strengthening the city as a touristic destination that leads to positive economic repercussions. It is concluded that FIC achieves good practices and cultural policies, a fact that is difficult to achieve and that can be an argument in favor of its cultural proposal.

Consenso de leucemia mieloide aguda en México / Mexican consensus in acute myeloid leukemia in Mexico

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Abstract Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) comprises a heterogeneous group of hematopoietic cell neoplasms of myeloid lineage that arise from the clonal expansion of their precursors in the bone marrow, interfering with cell differentiation, leading to a syndrome of bone marrow failure. AML is a consequence of genetic and epigenetic changes (point mutations, gene rearrangements, deletions, amplifications, and arrangements in epigenetic changes that influence gene expression) in hematopoietic precursor cells, which create a clone of abnormal cells that are capable of proliferating but cannot differentiate into mature hematopoietic cells or undergo programmed cell death. The diagnosis requires more than 20% myeloid blasts in the bone marrow and certain cytogenic abnormalities. Treatment will depend on age, comorbidities, and cytogenetic risk among the most frequent.

Epidemiología del dolor raquídeo en una población de escolares de España / Epidemiology of spinal pain in a population of schoolchildren from Spain

Introducción. El dolor raquídeo es uno de los motivos principales de asistencia sanitaria; suele aparecer durante la etapa escolar, aumenta progresivamente con la edad y se relaciona con ciertos factores de riesgo. El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar la prevalencia de dolor raquídeo en escolares y examinar los factores asociados a su padecimiento. Población y métodos. Estudio transversal mediante un cuestionario realizado en escolares de 9 a 11 años. Se analizó la prevalencia del dolor, la actividad física, los autocuidados del raquis, el uso de la mochila y la utilización de dispositivos electrónicos. Resultados. Se analizaron 329 sujetos. La prevalencia de dolor raquídeo es del 34,3 %, sin diferencias entre sexos. Se considera de baja intensidad, con una media de dolor de 1,99 ± 2,54 sobre 10 según la escala Wong-Baker FACES®, y en más de la mitad de los casos, de corta duración, menos de 12 horas. El 22,2 % de los escolares refieren dolor cervical, mientras que el 14 % y 11,9 % refieren dolor dorsal y lumbar, respectivamente. Además, el 47,9 % refieren dolor en más de una región raquídea. El 73,3 % realiza actividad física fuera del horario escolar, y el 90,6 % de los estudiantes utiliza dispositivos electrónicos. Se observó relación entre la presencia de dolor y hábitos de higiene postural adecuados. Conclusiones. Los escolares refieren dolor raquídeo de baja intensidad y corta duración, con mayor frecuencia en la región cervical. La asociación con factores de riesgo revela que los que refieren dolor presentan mejores hábitos posturales.

Introduction. Spinal pain is one of the main reasons for seeking care; it usually appears during school age, increases with age, and is related to certain risk factors. The objective of this study is to analyze the prevalence of spinal pain among schoolchildren and examine associated factors. Population and methods. Cross-sectional study with a questionnaire administered to schoolchildren aged 9-11 years. The prevalence of pain, physical activity, spine self-care, backpack use, and electronic device use were analyzed. Results. A total of 329 subjects were analyzed. The prevalence of spinal pain is 34.3 %, with no differences observed between sexes. Pain severity is considered mild, with a mean severity of 1.99 ± 2.54 over 10 according to the Wong-Baker FACES® scale; in more than 50 % of cases, pain had a short duration (less than 12 hours). Cervical pain was referred by 22.2 % of schoolchildren, whereas dorsal and lumbar pain were reported by 14 % and 11.9 %, respectively. In addition, 47.9 % referred pain in more than one region of the spine. Also, 73.3 % of schoolchildren did physical activity outside school hours and 90.6 % used electronic devices. An association was observed between the presence of pain and adequate postural hygiene habits. Conclusions. Schoolchildren referred spinal pain that was mild and short in duration, often in the cervical region. The association with risk factors indicates that children who referred pain have better postural habits.

Clinical, radiological, and molecular diagnosis of progressive fibrodysplasia ossificans / Diagnóstico clínico, radiológico y molecular de fibrodisplasia osificante progresiva

Abstract Background: Progressive fibrodysplasia ossificans is a rare genetic disease with heterozygous mutations (autosomal dominant inheritance) in the ACVR1 gene, which causes progressive heterotopic ossification in muscles, tendons, and ligaments, usually secondary to trauma. The ossification foci generate pain, joint ankyloses, and restricted movement. Congenital shortening and medial deviation first metatarsal of the foot is a distinctive feature. This report aimed to present an educational value case of a patient with clinical, imaging, and molecular diagnosis of progressive fibrodysplasia ossificans, recognized as a rare condition that severely affects the quality of life. Case report: We present the case of a 6-year-old female patient with lumps in the right scapular and dorsal region, progressive joint rigidity, and short first metatarsal medially deviated since birth. By imaging studies, we established the diagnosis of progressive fibrodysplasia ossificans. Sanger sequencing of ACVR1 reported c.617G>A (p.Arg206His). Conclusions: Confirmation of the diagnosis allowed genetic counseling, including a comprehensive explanation of the disease’s natural history and measures to prevent its rapid progression.

Resumen Introducción: La fibrodisplasia osificante progresiva es una enfermedad genética poco frecuente, causada por variantes patogénicas en estado heterocigoto (herencia autosómica dominante) en el gen ACVR1, que provoca osificación heterotópica progresiva en músculos, tendones y ligamentos, comúnmente secundaria a traumatismos. Los focos de osificación generan dolor, anquilosis articular y restricción del movimiento. Es característico el acortamiento congénito y la desviación medial del primer metatarsiano del pie. El objetivo de este reporte es presentar un caso de alto valor educativo de una paciente con diagnóstico clínico, imagenológico y molecular de fibrodisplasia osificante progresiva, reconocida como una condición infrecuente y que afecta de manera grave la calidad de vida. Caso clínico: Paciente de sexo femenino con tumoraciones induradas en la región dorsal y escapular, detectadas a los 6 años de vida. Cursaba además con rigidez articular progresiva y primer metatarsiano del pie acortado y con desviación en sentido medial desde el nacimiento. Por estudios de imagen se estableció el diagnóstico de fibrodisplasia osificante progresiva. Por secuenciación Sanger se reportó c.617G>A (p.Arg206His) en ACVR1. Conclusiones: La confirmación del diagnóstico permitió ofrecer un asesoramiento genético integral, incluyendo una amplia explicación de la evolución natural del padecimiento y de las medidas preventivas para disminuir su rápida progresión.

Identificación molecular y relaciones evolutivas de Pomacea nobilis, base para la autenticación específica del churo negro de la Amazonia peruana / Molecular identification and evolutionary relationships of Pomacea nobilis, basis for the specific authentication of the black apple snail from Peruvian Amazonia

Resumen En la Amazonia Peruana los caracoles dulceacuícolas de la familia Ampullariidae son conocidos como churos y originalmente han sido descritas para Perú alrededor de 20 especies. Aunque son muy usadas para alimentación, medicina tradicional y objeto de muchos estudios para su cultivo e industrialización, solamente es mencionada en la literatura la especie Pomacea maculata. Se llevó a cabo la identificación molecular sobre la base del marcador mitocondrial COI, de individuos de churos negros (Pomacea) comercializados en los mercados de Iquitos, así como los usados en platos a la carta en la ciudad de Lima, contrastados con otros individuos de procedencia de su hábitat natural. Se encontró que estos especímenes expendidos corresponden a la especie Pomacea nobilis (Reeve, 1856). El análisis filogenético molecular mostró que P. nobilis es especie hermana de P. guyanensis, en el grupo de P. glauca, distantemente relacionada de P. maculata. Las distancias no corregidas encontradas entre ellas, para el marcador mitocondrial COI, fueron de 11.33% a 13.17%, mientras que con P. maculata fueron de 13.67% a 15.33%. Estos resultados demostraron la eficacia del código de barras de ADN para la identificación y autenticación de la especie, lo que le da un valor agregado para su eventual comercio de exportación.

Abstract In the Peruvian Amazon, freshwater snails of the Ampullariidae family are known as churos, and around 20 species have originally been described for Peru. Although they are widely used for food, traditional medicine and the object of many studies for their cultivation and industrialization, only the species Pomacea maculata is mentioned in the literature. Molecular identification was carried out based on the mitochondrial marker COI of individuals of "churo negro" apple snails (Pomacea) commercialized in the markets of Iquitos, as well as those used in restaurant dishes in the city of Lima, and contrasted with specimens from their natural habitat. It was found that these specimens, correspond to the species Pomacea nobilis (Reeve, 1856). The molecular phylogenetic analysis showed P. nobilis as the sister species of P. guyanensis, in the P. glauca group, distantly related to P. maculata. The uncorrected distances found between them, for the mitochondrial marker COI, were from 11.33% to 13.17%, while with P. maculate were from 13.67% to 15.33%. These results demonstrated the effectiveness of the DNA barcode for the identification and authentication of the species, which gives it added value for its eventual export trade.

Growth kinetics of Escherichia coli O157: H7 on the epicarp of fresh vegetables and fruits

ABSTRACT Despite the increasing reports on the incidence of fresh vegetables and fruits as a possible vehicle for human pathogens, there is currently limited knowledge on the growth potential of Escherichia coli O157:H7 on different plant substrates. This study analyzed the selective adhesion and growth of E. coli O157:H7 on chili habanero (Capsicum chinense L.), cucumber (Cucumis sativus), radish (Raphanus sativus), tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum), beet (Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris), and onion (Allium cepa L.) under laboratory conditions. The Gompertz parameters were used to determine the growth kinetics. Scanning electron microscopy was used to visualize the adhesion of E. coli O157:H7 on the epicarp of the samples. Predictive models were constructed to compare the growth of E. coli O157:H7 on the samples with different intrinsic factors and to demonstrate the low selectivity of the pathogen. No significant difference was observed in the lag-phase duration (LPD), generation time (GT), and exponential growth rate (EGR) of the pathogen adhered to the samples. The interaction between the microorganism and the substrate was less supportive to the growth of E. coli O157:H7 for onion, whereas for tomato and cucumber, the time for the microorganism to attain the maximum growth rate (M) was significantly longer than that recorded for other samples.

Enfermedad de Parkinson y factores ambientales. Un estudio caso-control / Parkinson's disease and environmental factors. A case-control study

Resumen La enfermedad de Parkinson (EP) ha sido asociada a diferentes factores ambientales que aumentan su prevalencia. Objetivo: Evaluar la asociación entre EP y factores ambientales, en personas inscritas en el Sistema de Atención Primaria de Salud en la comuna de Concepción. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio caso control pareado por edad y sexo, en una muestra de 126 personas, distribuidas en 63 casos y 63 controles. Se estimaron Odds Ratio (OR) brutos y ajustados a través de modelos multivariados de regresión logística. Resultados: La edad media para los casos fue de 71 y de 72 para los controles. Los antecedentes de exposición a tóxicos son 3 veces más frecuentes en las mujeres casos que las controles (75%; IC95% 17,6-97,6 vs 25%; IC95% 23,2-82,3). El riesgo de EP aumenta en personas que han estado expuestas a tóxicos (OR = 2,9; IC95% 1,2-7,1). Conclusión: Este artículo confirma asociación entre la exposición a tóxicos y EP.

The Parkinson Disease (PD) has been related to different environmental factors that increise their prevalence. Objective: To assess the relation between the PD and the environmental factors, in persons registered in the Primary Health Care System in Concepción, Chile. Methodology: A case-control study was conducted matched by age and gender, in a sample of 126 people, distributed in 63 cases and 63 controls. Gross and adjusted Odds Ratio (OR) were estimated through multivariate logistic regression models. Results: The mean age was 71 for the cases and 72 for the controls. The history of toxic exposure is 3 times more frequent in the women of the case group than in the control group (75%; CI95% 17,6-97,6 vs 25%; CI95% 23,2-82,3). The risk of PE increases in people who have been exposed to toxicants (OR: 2.9; CI95% 1.2-7.1). Conclusion: This article confirms association between exposure to toxicants and PD.

La evaluación psicológica en contextos educativos: aciertos del pasado, errores del presente y propuestas de futuro / Psychological assessment in educational contexts: Past successes, mistakes of the present and future proposals

Con este artículo se pretende un doble objetivo. En primer lugar, evidenciar el progreso de la evaluación psicológica mediante el relato de determinados hitos del pasado y los actuales avances en producción, tecnología e investigación, progreso que no se ha producido a nivel aplicado en uno de los ámbitos más importantes, desde la antigüedad, de la evaluación psicológica en España, que es la evaluación en contextos educativos. Este hecho se debe a los errores legislativos de la Administración Educativa que ha permitido que profesionales sin la debida cualificación realicen estas funciones, por lo que es necesario que académicos, colegios profesionales y asociaciones científicas aúnen esfuerzos y establezcan directrices sobre las normas de uso de los test, la formación del evaluador y el control del intrusismo profesional. En segundo lugar se propone un modelo para la evaluación diagnóstica en contextos educativos, el "Modelo Integrador", en el que el psicólogo educativo no sólo recogerá información relevante del alumno sino también del contexto familiar y escolar.

This article will develop two objectives. The first is to highlight the progress of psychological evaluation through the consideration of important achievements of the past and current developments in production, technology and research, detailing the reasons why evaluation has not progressed in the applied level of educational contexts (one of the most important areas since the beginning of the psychological evaluation history in Spain). This non-progress is a result of legislative mistakes of the Educational Administration, which has allowed professionals without proper qualifications to perform those functions. It is necessary that university teachers, professional and scientific associations join force in order to establish guidelines of test usage, qualifications of evaluators and professional intrusion control. The second objective is to propose a model for diagnostic evaluation in educational contexts, the "Integrator Model", in which educational psychologists will collect relevant information not only about the student but also about the family and school context.

Estimación de necesidades de licenciadas en enfermería del servicio de pediatría del bloque materno infantil del Hospital Escuela Universitario. Tegucigalpa, Honduras. enero a febrero 2016

Se encontró que la brecha de dotación de recursos humanos del servicio de pediatría, es de 127 licenciadas en enfermería. Otro factor importante es la necesidad de recursos con grado de especialidad para las áreas críticas como ser cuidados intensivos pediátricos, cuidados intensivos neonatales, unidad de quemados, y unidad de neonatos intermedios.

Morbilidad y mortalidad por sepsis neonatal en la Unidad de Recién Nacidos del Hospital Materno Infantil, Tegucigalpa M.D.C. Honduras, Primer Semestre Año 2012 / Morbidity and mortality from neonatal sepsis in the nursery of the Maternity Hospital, Tegucigalpa MDC Honduras, First Half Year 2012

Estudio Descriptivo, cuantitativo y de corte transversal. Se recomienda Establecer un sistema de comunicación activa entre la Unidad de recién nacidos Departamento de epidemiologia del Hospital Materno Infantil Secretaria de Salud, quien con el apoyo de la Secretaria de Educación fortalecerá los programas de educación sexual y reproductiva en los diferentes centros educativos a nivel nacional; Fomentar el uso de referencia y contra referencia dentro del sistema sanitario de Cesar, CESAMO Hospital y viceversa, para un efectivo control prenatal y un parto seguro; Reforzar la supervisión epidemiológica en la unidad de neonatos y el área de quirófanos; Establecer un programa educativo con énfasis en lavado de manos, uso adecuado de insumos y equipo de la unidad, así como el mantenimiento de los mismos bajo la supervisión de la Jefe se Sala y Jefe de Servicio; fomentar estudios periódicos sobre infecciones nosocomiales en el hospital especialmente en el servicio de neonatos

Consumo de álcool e cigarro entre alunos brasileiros e fatores de risco e proteção associados / Alcohol consumption and cigarette smoking among Brazilian students and associated risk and protective factors

Objetivo: conhecer as similaridades e as diferenças de padrões de consumo, experiências, informação, bem como opinião e influência dos fatores de proteção e de risco de droga legal em crianças brasileiras. Método: inquérito multicêntrico com técnica de amostragem do tipo intencional, comparando-se escolas públicas e particulares de áreas periféricas e centrais. Participaram 292 crianças brasileiras, com idade de 11 e 12 anos. Resultados: no nível de idade dos participantes, os fatores de proteção e de risco não funcionam, não discriminando os sujeitos à medida que os diversos fatores exercem seu efeito sobre seu comportamento, relacionados às bebidas alcoólicas e ao tabaco. Outrora, os fatores de proteção e de risco atuam em inter-relação, modulam-se e interferem entre si, de modo que é difícil descobrir como se relacionam. Conclusão: foi encontrado um número muito pequeno de diferenças significativas, quando se analisam as diferenças de gênero na vinculação dos fatores de proteção com o não consumo e dos fatores de risco com o consumo.

Puede un psicopedagogo desempeñar el rol del psicólogo educativo? Profesionalización frente al intrusismo profesional / Can the psychopedagogue play the role of an educational psychologist? prpfessionalization versus professional intrusion

La finalidad de este artículo es hacer una breve reflexión sobre la formación y cualificación profesional que requiere el psicólogo educativo, en función de los estándares de calidad existentes a nivel internacional. El rol de psicólogo educativo es un rol fronterizo con el de otras especialidades, como psicología clínica y social, y requiere de una sólida formación teórico - práctica que le permita hacer frente a sus cometidos: atención a la diversidad (discapacidad psíquica, sensorial o motora, conductas disociales, trastornos graves del desarrollo, de personalidad o de conducta, etc.), orientación académica y profesional, desarrollo integral (cognitivo, emocional, social), prevención (drogadicción, violencia, fracaso escolar, etc.). Estas áreas de intervención conllevan una serie de funciones o roles que no podrán desarrollar dignamente aquellos licenciados, graduados o ingenieros que se forman a través de la realización de un curso o máster de especialización en Psicopedagogía, puesto que la invertebración de la formación inicial afecta profundamente a su profesionalización. De ahí la necesidad de que actúen de forma conjunta Ministerio de Educación, Universidades, Asociaciones Científicas y Colegios profesionales, con el fin de establecer el marco normativo, formativo y profesional para que sea la profesionalización frente al intrusismo la que marque la diferencia en eficacia, eficiencia y funcionalidad en los servicios técnicos de apoyo psicoeducativo.

The purpose of this article is to briefly reflect the training and qualifications required by educational psychologists, based on existing quality standards at an international level. Educational psychologist's role borders on other specialties such as clinical and social psychology and requires a solid theoretical and practical training to face it missions: addressing diversity (intellectual, sensory or motor disabilities), dissocial behaviours, serious developmental, personality or behavior disorders, academic and professional guidance, integral development (cognitive, emotional, social), prevention (drug addiction, violence, school failure, etc.) and so on. Those areas of intervention involve a number of functions or roles that may not be carried out properly by those graduates or engineers that are educated by a course or specialization in Educational Psychology, because the invertebration of the initial training deeply affects their professionalization. Hence the need to act jointly Ministry of Education, universities, scientific and professional associations by setting the regulatory, training and professional framework so that professionalization would succeed versus intrusiveness in effectiveness, efficiency and functionality in the psycho-educational technical support services.

Factores de riesgo de alteraciones citológicas del cuello uterino en mujeres chilenas: Un estudio de casos y controles / Risk factors associated with abnormal cervical cytology among Chilean women: A case control study

Background: Cervical cancer is the third cause of cancer death among Chilean women, affecting mainly women from low socioeconomic status. Aim: To determine main risk factors (RF) including human papilomavirus (HPV) types associated with abnormal cervical cytology (Atypical Squamous Cells of Undetermined Significance or ASCUS) among Chilean women from low socioeconomic status in Santiago, Chile. Material and Methods: A random population based sample of616 women from La Pintana (a low-income district in Santiago) participated in 2001 in a HPV prevalence study and were re-evaluated in 2006 through a risk factors questionnaire, Papanicolaou test and DNA detection for HPV. The Papanicolaou test was analyzed in Santiago and HPV analysis (PCR_GP5+/GP6+) was conducted in Vrije University, Amsterdam. Cases included 42 women with cervical lesions and controls included 574 women with normal cytology during the period 2001-2006. Logistic regression with uni and multivariate analysis was performed to identify RF for cervical lesions. Results: During the study period, there was a significant increase in the proportion of single women, from 8.3 to 14.8 percent (p < 0.05), of women with 3 or more sexual partners from 8.9 to 13.3 and of women high risk HPV, from 9.1 to 14.3 percent. The proportion of abnormal Papanicolaou tests remained stable (3.08 and 3.9 percent > ASCUS). High risk HPV was the most significant factor associated with cervical lesions (odds ratio (OR) = 9.695 percent> confidence intervals (CI) = 4.4-21.1) followed by oral contraceptive use (OR = 2.58 95 percent> CI= 1.2-5.7). Among women infected by high risk HPV, the use of oral contraceptives was a risk factor while compliance with screening was protective for cervical lesions. Conclusions: From 2001 to 2006, there was an increase in the proportion of women with high-risk HPV infections.

Bandeo de cromosomas humanos con extracto crudo de frutas u hojas de papaya / Human chromosome banding with raw extract of fruits or leaves of papaya

One week old human chromosome preparations were treated with filtrate from one liquefied leaf (53 g) of papaya (Carica papaya) in 100 ml of distilled water, and stained with 1.5 Giemsa (pH 6.8). Good chromosome banding was obtained after 2 min of treatment. Solutions that have been frozen even for years are effective and the method is cheaper and easier than others.

Enfermedad de Lafora y efecto fundador en una pequeña localidad neotropical / Lafora disease and founder effect in a small neotropical locality

The Lafora disease is an uncommon genetic condition. Four cases (two families) were detected in Zarcero, a small town in Costa Rica (population under 2000). They belonged to two separate consanguineous marriages but both families had common ancestors. The diagnosis of Lafora disease was confirmed by liver and biopsy in one of the patients. The ages of onset were 13, 14, 16 and 17 years. Patients died after four, nine, six and five year of severe progressive physical and mental deterioration, respectively. The gene for Lafora disease arrive to Zarcero from one of its founders. There are no other cases reported from Costa Rica : this is an example of genetic drift, or more specifically, founder effect. Key words: Lafora disease, myoclonic epilepsy, founder effect