ABSTRACT
Purpose@#Measuring viability of a three-dimensional in vitro organotypic human oral tissue model has been suggested as an alternative test method to the oral mucosa irritation test of oral care products. The aim of this study was to investigate the production of two different cytokines using organotypic human oral tissue model following exposure to chemicals that are commonly used in oral care products. @*Materials and Methods@#The organotypic human oral tissues were exposed to ethanol, sodium lauryl sulphate or hydrogen peroxide for 90 minutes. Following exposure, interleukin (IL)-1α and IL-8 productions were assessed and correlated with cell viability testing as well as histology of the organotypic human oral tissues.Result: High levels of IL-8 were released from organotypic human oral tissues in all of the test and control groups without any significant differences between them. In contrast, differences were found in IL-1α release between the test and control groups. Additionally, the trend of IL-1α release corresponded to the phenotypes observed in histological analysis while different trend existed between IL-1α release and cell viability. @*Conclusion@#The study concluded the non-specific release of IL-8 for the assessment of oral care product chemicals’ toxicity, while potential of measuring IL-1α cytokine level as the possible alternative test method.
ABSTRACT
A sponge brush is an oral hygiene product that is used to clean buccal, gingival and palatal mucosa. The aim of this study was to observe the appearance, porosity, water sorption, cytotoxicity and efficacy of sponge brush products. Seven commercially available sponge brush products were used as test materials. To observe the appearance of sponge brush, the dimension and weight were examined. The porosity was measured using the micro CT. The water sorption rate was calculated by weight change before and after immersion of sponge brush in distilled water for 5 s. The sponge brush was extracted according to the KS P ISO 10993-12, and examined the extracted solution by visual inspection. Extracted solution was then evaluated with MTT assay. Protein removal efficacy of sponge brush product from the bovine serum albumin coated sheet was tested using bicinchoninic acid assay. The results of the length and diameter range of brush were 17~24 mm and 14~24 mm respectively.The length and thickness range of the handle was 14~16 cm and 3~5 mm respectively. There were significant differences in the sponge brush weight of all products (p<0.05), and porosity of the sponge was indicated to be more than 80% in all products.The water sorption rate ranged from 21 to 62% (p<0.05). As the results of extraction, there were neither foreign materials nor impurities in all of sponge brush products. The cell viability was indicated to be more than 70% except for two products.After applying all sponge brush products, the protein removal rate was more than 70%. The above results will provide useful information for future development of related oral care products.
ABSTRACT
A sponge brush is an oral hygiene product that is used to clean buccal, gingival and palatal mucosa. The aim of this study was to observe the appearance, porosity, water sorption, cytotoxicity and efficacy of sponge brush products. Seven commercially available sponge brush products were used as test materials. To observe the appearance of sponge brush, the dimension and weight were examined. The porosity was measured using the micro CT. The water sorption rate was calculated by weight change before and after immersion of sponge brush in distilled water for 5 s. The sponge brush was extracted according to the KS P ISO 10993-12, and examined the extracted solution by visual inspection. Extracted solution was then evaluated with MTT assay. Protein removal efficacy of sponge brush product from the bovine serum albumin coated sheet was tested using bicinchoninic acid assay. The results of the length and diameter range of brush were 17~24 mm and 14~24 mm respectively.The length and thickness range of the handle was 14~16 cm and 3~5 mm respectively. There were significant differences in the sponge brush weight of all products (p<0.05), and porosity of the sponge was indicated to be more than 80% in all products.The water sorption rate ranged from 21 to 62% (p<0.05). As the results of extraction, there were neither foreign materials nor impurities in all of sponge brush products. The cell viability was indicated to be more than 70% except for two products.After applying all sponge brush products, the protein removal rate was more than 70%. The above results will provide useful information for future development of related oral care products.
ABSTRACT
Background and Objectives@#Little is known about the outcomes of outpatient clinic-based elective external cardioversion (OPC-ECV) for persistent atrial fibrillation (PeAF). We investigated the acute, short-term, and long-term elective external cardioversion (ECV) outcomes. @*Methods@#We included 1,718 patients who underwent OPC-ECV (74% male, 61.1±11.0 years old, 90.9% long-standing PeAF, 9.1% after atrial fibrillation [AF] ablation) after excluding patients with atrial tachycardia or inappropriate antiarrhythmic drug medication, and in-patient ECV. Biphasic shocks were delivered sequentially until successful cardioversion was achieved (70-100-150-200-250 J). If ECV failed at 150 J, we administered intravenous amiodarone 150 mg and delivered 200 J. @*Results@#ECV failed in 11.4%, and the complication rate was 0.47%. Within 3 months, AF recurred in 55.5% (44.7% as sustaining AF, 10.8% as paroxysmal AF), and the AF duration was independently associated (odds ratio [OR], 1.01 [1.00–1.02]; p=0.006), but amiodarone was independently protective (OR, 0.46 [0.27–0.76]; p=0.002, Log rank p<0.001) against an early recurrence. Regarding the long-term recurrence, pre-ECV heart failure was protective against an AF recurrence (hazard ratio, 0.63 [0.41–0.96], p=0.033) over 32 (9–66) months of follow-up. ECV energy (p<0.001) and early recurrence rate within 3 months (p=0.007, Log rank p=0.006) were significantly lower in post-ablation patients than in those with long-standing persistent AF. @*Conclusions@#The success rate of OPC-ECV was 88.6%, and the complication rate was low. However, AF recurred in 55.5% within 3 months. Amiodarone was protective against short-term AF recurrences, and long-term AF recurrences were less in patients with baseline heart failure.
ABSTRACT
Objective of this study was to compare the color stability, mechanical and chemical properties of three different types of temporary crown resins. Commercially available powder-liquid (Group PL), light-cured (Group LC) and auto-mix syringe (Group AM) types' temporary crown resins were used as experimental groups for each of the evaluation. All the test groups were evaluated after 1 day and 7 days of immersion in various staining solutions. The colors of all groups before and after storage in the staining solutions were measured by a spectrophotometer based on CIE Lab system, and the color differences (ΔE(*)) thereby calculated. Micro hardness test was performed before water storage and aging after 7 days at 37 ℃. In addition, flexural strength, water sorption and solubility tests were performed according to international standard, ISO 10477. All experimental groups showed significant color change in staining solutions when compared to those stored in the control solution (distilled water) (p PL > LC (p<0.05). Water sorption and solubility increased in the following order: AM < PL < LC (p<0.05). The results of this study would provide useful information when choosing temporary crown resin types in various clinical situations.