Interdisciplinary communication in the Intensive Care Unit at the University Hospital of the West Indies / Comunicación interdisciplinaria en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos del Hospital Universitario de West Indies

OBJECTIVE: To assess the perceptions of physicians and nurses working full-time in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) at the University Hospital of the West Indies (UHWI) regarding interdisciplinary communication. METHOD: A cross-sectional survey of all medical personnel working full-time in the ICU was conducted in January 2008 using a self-administered, validated questionnaire. Data on perceived communication, teamwork and leadership, comprehension of patient care goals, perceived effectiveness and satisfaction were collected and analysed using the SPSS Version 14. Internal reliability was tested using Cronbach's alpha score and differences and correlations were assessed using Pearson's Chi-square and correlation analysis. RESULTS: Ninety-five per cent (105/111) of questionnaires were completed. More doctors than nurses experienced open communication with other staff members (73% vs 32%; p < 0.01), with less openness occurring with increasing seniority. More doctors (53%) than nurses (32%) reported receiving in­accurate information from doctors (p < 0.05), with 67% and 51% respectively receiving incorrect information from nurses (p < 0.05). Communication across shifts was felt to be better amongst doctors than nurses (73% vs 63%). Only 50% of doctors compared to 88% of nurses felt they received relevant information quickly (p < 0.05). More nurses than doctors (86% vs 63%; p < 0.01) felt that they had a good understanding ofpatient care goals. Negative perceptions ofthe leadership characteristics of consultants (62% amongst doctors and 74% of nurses) and sisters (79% and 73%, respectively) were high. CONCLUSIONS: Communication within the ICU, UHWI, is unsatisfactory with an overall poor perception ofsenior leadership. Improvement in staffmorale and leadership training may create a working en­vironment where team members can communicate openly without fear ofchastisement.

OBJETIVO: Evaluar las percepciones de médicos y enfermeras que trabajan a tiempo completo en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI) del Hospital Universitario de West Indies (HUWI), con respecto a la comunicación inter disciplinaria. MÉTODO: Se llevó a cabo un estudio transversal de todo el personal médico que trabaja a tiempo completo en la UCI en enero de 2008, usando una encuesta auto-administrada, validada. Se recopilaron datos en relación con la percepción de la comunicación, el trabajo en equipo y la dirigencia, la comprensión de las metas del cuidado del paciente, así como la satisfacción y la efectividad percibida, usando la versión 14 del SPSS. La fiabilidad interna se comprobó usando la puntuación y las diferencias del Alfa de Cronbach, y las correlaciones fueron evaluadas usando Chi-cuadrado de Pearson y análisis de correlación. RESULTADOS: Se completó el noventa y cinco por ciento (105/111) de las encuestas. Más doctores que enfermeras experimentaron comunicación abierta con otros miembros del personal (73% vs 32%; p < 0.01), con menor apertura a mayor rango y antigüedad. Más doctores (53%) que enfermeras (32%) reportaron haber recibido información inexacta de parte de los doctores (p < 0.05), recibiendo el 67% y el 51% respectivamente información incorrecta de las enfermeras (p < 0.05). La comunicación a través de los cambios de turnos era considerada mejor entre los doctores que entre las enfermeras (73% vs 63%). Sólo el 50% de los doctores comparados con un 88% de enfermeras consideraron haber recibido información pertinente rápidamente (p < 0.05). Más enfermeras que doctores (86% vs 63%; p < 0.01) consideraban que tenían un buen entendimiento de los objetivos de los cuidados del paciente. Las percepciones negativas de las características dirigentes de los consultantes (62% entre los doctores y el 74% de las enfermeras) y las enfermeras jefes (79% y 73%, respectivamente) fueron altas. CONCLUSIONES: La comunicación en la UCI, HUWI, es insatisfactoria, y se caracteriza por una percepción general pobre de la dirigencia de alto rango. El mejoramiento de la moral del personal y el entrenamiento de la dirigencia puede crear un ambiente de trabajo en el que los miembros del equipo puedan comunicarse abiertamente sin miedo a un castigo.

Dynamics of antibiotic usage in the Intensive Care Unit at the University Hospital of the West Indies / Dinámica del uso de Antibióticos en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos del Hospital Universitario de West Indies

OBJECTIVE: To determine antibiotic usage patterns in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) at the University Hospital of the West Indies (UHWI). METHOD: A cross-sectional, analytical study of consecutive patients admitted to the ICU was conducted between July and December 2007. Exclusion criteria were HIV-positive patients, patients < 12 years and those discharged or who died within 48 hours of admission. Data were collected from medical records, stored and analysed using the SPSS Version 12. RESULTS: Of the 150 eligible patients, 109 had complete data (73%). Mean age was 50.8 ± 20.7 years, with mean APACHE II score of 15.6 ± 6.7. Forty-five patients (41.3%) received prophylactic antibiotics, most commonly ceftriaxone (31.7%) and metronidazole (19.0%). Appropriate discontinuation within 24 hours occurred in only 11.1%. Two-thirds of patients (67.9%) were treated with empiric antibiotics, most commonly piperacillin/tazobactam (32.1%), ceftazidime (27.5%) or metronidazole (27.5%). Reasons for empiric choice were primarily coverage of organisms based on presumed source of sepsis (45.6%), and broad spectrum, high-powered coverage (23.5%). Courses ranged from 1 - 42 days and were adequate based on subsequent cultures in 71% of cases. Culture reports took between 2 - 8 days with a mean of 3.7 days to become available. De-escalation was practised in only 2 of 26 (7.7%) cases and intravenous to oral switch therapy in only 3.3%. Thirty-two (29.4%) patients died, with sepsis being a cause in 12 (37.5%). CONCLUSIONS: Improved attention to discontinuation of prophylactic antibiotics, appropriate duration of antibiotic courses and de-escalation are essential if the antibiotic practices in the ICU at the UHWI are to compare favourably with international recommendations.

OBJETIVO: Determinar los patrones de uso de antibióticos en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI) en el Hospital Universitario de West Indies. MÉTODO: Se llevó a cabo un estudio analítico transversal de un número de pacientes consecutivos ingresados a la UCI entre julio y diciembre de 2007. Los criterios de exclusión fueron los siguientes: pacientes positivos al VIH, pacientes < 12 años, y pacientes dados de alta o fallecidos dentro de las 48 horas de su ingreso. Los datos fueron tomados de las historias clínicas, y luego almacenados y analizados usando la versión doce de SPSS. RESULTADOS: De los 150 pacientes elegibles, 109 completaron los datos (73%). La edad promedio fue 50.8 ± 20.7 años, con una puntuación APACHE II media de 15.6 ± 6.7. Cuarenta y cinco pacientes (41.3%) recibieron antibióticos profilácticos, por lo general ceftriaxona (31.7%) y metronidazol (19.0%). Una descontinuación adecuada dentro de las 24 horas se produjo en sólo 11.1%. Dos tercios de los pacientes (67.9%) recibieron tratamiento antibiótico empírico, por lo general con piperacillinatazobactam (32.1%), ceftazidima (27.5%) o metronidazol (27.5%). Las razones para la opción empírica fueron principalmente la cobertura de organismos sobre la base de fuentes de sepsis presuntiva (45.6%), y el espectro ancho, cobertura de alta potencia (23.5%). Los cursos fluctuaron de 1 - 42 días y fueron adecuados a juzgar por los cultivos subsiguientes en 71% de los casos. Los reportes de cultivos tomaron entre 2 - 8 días con un promedio de 3.7 días para hallarse disponibles. El desescalamiento fue practicado en sólo 2 de 26 (7.7%) de los casos y cambio de terapia intravenosa a oral en sólo 3.3%. Treinta y dos (29.4%) pacientes murieron, siendo la sepsis la causa en 12 (37.5%). CONCLUSIONES: Una mayor atención en cuanto a descontinuar el uso de antibióticos profilácticos, una duración apropiada de cursos antibióticos, y el desescalamiento, son esenciales si se quiere que las prácticas antibióticas en las UCI en el HUWI puedan compararse favorablemente con las recomendaciones que se hacen a nivel internacional.

A national survey on preoperative fasting policies and practices in Jamaican hospitals

Controversy has arisen regarding the length and nature of the preoperative fast that should be required of patients with normal gastric emptying time undergoing elective surgery. Various studies and editorials have indicated that the traditional preoperative fasting policy of [quot ]NPO after midnight[quot ] may be illogical as it makes no distinction between solid foods and clear fluids. Successive National Surveys conducted in the United States of America (USA) have shown an increasing number of Ambulatory Surgery Hospitals adopting more liberal preoperative fasting guidelines. Jamaican practitioners have also begun implementing some of these new liberal practices, even in institutions where [quot ]NPO after midnight[quot ] remain the official policy of the institution in which they practice. This has created a discordance between individual practice and institutional policy. In view of the fact that the extent of this discrepancy has not yet been studied and documented in Jamaica, and in an effort to better characterize the nature of the changes taking place in preoperative fasting practices in Jamaican hospitals, including those related to knowledge and attitude of practitioners, we embarked on this National Survey. The survey consisted of a questionnaire comprised of 13 questions which were to be completed by all surgeons and anaesthetists practising in a wide cross-section of public hospitals throughout Jamaica, providing an initial sample size of 201 subjects. We had a response rate of 74, or 148 responses. At all the hospitals surveyed, the traditional NPO policy continued to be the official institutional policy. However, at the individual level, 37 of respondents had already revised their policy, and were allowing their patients to have clear fluids up to three hours before the induction of anaesthesia. Also, 66, 68, and 73 of respondents stated that, in the future, they were prepared to allow their patients a solid meal up to eight hours, light breakfast up to six hours, and clear fluids up to three hours, respectively. We concluded that, whilst the traditional NPO policy remained firmly entrenched at the institutional level, many anaesthetists and surgeons show a positive inclination towards more liberal fasting practices. We recommend the formation of a local task force to determine what aspects of the new liberal guidelines may be safely and effectively adopted, taking account of local circumstances