ABSTRACT
Introduction Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disorder characterized by lack of insulin production by the ß cells of the pancreas. This lack of insulin causes a variety of systemic effects on the metabolism of the body, one of which is reproductive dysfunction. The present study investigates the effects of diabetes on the male reproductive system of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Material and Methods A total of 18 adult male Wistar rats weighing between 250 and 300 g were included in the present study. The animals were divided into normal and diabetic groups. The diabetic group was further subdivided into 2 subgroups with durations of 24 and 48 days. A single dose of STZ (40 mg/kg body weight) was administrated intraperitoneally to the animals of the diabetic group. After the planned duration, the testes and epididymides were dissected, and their gross weight was measured. The tissues were then processed for histological study. Results The gross weight of the testes and epididymides in diabetic rats at 24 and 48 days showed a decrease in comparison to the control. (p < 0.01 for testes and epididymides). Diabetic animals presented a significant decrease in the diameter of the seminiferous tubules compared with the control group (p < 0.01). The epididymides in the diabetic groups showed a considerable reduction in the tubular surface area compared with the control group (p < 0.01). There was also a reduction in the mean diameter, which was measured using the maximum and minimum diameter of the tubules (p < 0.01). Conclusion The present study is an insight into the adverse effects that diabetes can have on the tissue structure of the testes, of the epididymides, and ultimately on the process of spermatogenesis.
ABSTRACT
Background: The common carotid artery (CCA) divides at the level of superior border of thyroid cartilage. Theexternal carotid artery (ECA) is one of the terminal branches of CCA. ECA gives three anterior branches, Superiorthyroid (STA), Lingual (LA) and Facial arteries (FA). Therefore the present study was carried out to describe thelevel of bifurcation of CCA, its relations with anatomical landmarks and the morphometry of anterior branchesof ECA in relation to bifurcation of CCA.Methods: The present study was carried on 30 sagittal head and neck sections. The level of bifurcation of CCAwas noted. The distances from CCA bifurcation to the superior border of thyroid cartilage (SBTC), angle ofmandible, ear lobule were measured. The ddistances of STA, LA & FA from CCA bifurcation were also measured.Results: In 16 (53.33%) cases the bifurcation of CCA was observed at the level of SBTC, 2 (6.67%)It was between SBTC and hyoid bone, in 5 (16.67%) below SBTC and in 6 (20%) at the level of hyoid bone. The meandistances from the bifurcation of CCA to the SBTC was 24 ± 0.95mm, to the angle of the mandible was 31 ± 0.86mmand to the ear lobule was 54.8 ± 0.96mm. The mean distances of STA, LA and FA from CCA bifurcation were 7.2 ± 0.2,12 ± 0.45 and 17.6 ± 0.48 cm respectively.Conclusion: The anatomical study of CCA is useful for angiographies, thyroid and head and neck surgeries. Incase of common trunks, stenosis or occlusion may cause severe ischemic consequences and prone toatherosclerosis.
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Identification and recognition of the cephalic vein (CV) in the deltopectoral triangle is of critical importance when considering emergency procedures. Therefore, the present cadaveric study was undertaken to identify the CV in the deltopectoral groove and its termination in the axillary vein with respect to the relevant anatomical landmarks. Material and methods: The length of the CV was taken from the lowest limit of the deltopectoral groove to its draining point into the axillary vein. The coracoid process (CP), first cost-chondral junction (CCJ) and the midclavicular point (MCP) were used as the landmarks and their distances from the drainage point of CV into the axillary vein were measured. Results: In all cadavers, the CV traversed the deltopectoral groove and terminated into the axillary vein. The mean length of the CV was 15.46 ± 1.57 cm. The distances of its drainage point from the sternoclavicular joint, midclavicular point, first costo-chondral junction and the coracoid process were 8.26 ± 0.99 cm, 3.51 ± 0.8 cm, 5.66 ± 0.71 cm and 5.16 ± 0.8 cm respectively. Conclusion: The present anatomical study describes the location of cephalic vein in relation to the anatomical landmarks which would be commonly used in the intervention procedures in this region.