FTO gene variant and association with overweight in Brazilian male students / Variante do gene FTO e associação com excesso de peso em estudantes brasileiros do sexo masculino

Abstract Obesity is considered a disease with multiple etiologies. Recent advances in technology have pointed candidate genes that are related to weight gain in several populations. However, in countries with ethnic miscegenation, such as Brazil, studies of this nature with students are still scarce. The aim of the present study was to compare anthropometric variables of Brazilian male students according to the genotypes of the rs9939609 of the FTO gene. In order to do so, 205 participants underwent body mass, height, waist circumference and skinfold thickness measurements. Body mass index (BMI), waist-to-height ratio and body fat percentage were calculated. Volunteers were characterized as overweight according to the BMI-for-age z-score. Participants were genotyped according to the single nucleotide polymorphism rs9939609 of the FTO gene (AA, AT and TT). ANOVA one-way with Bonferroni’s post hoc was performed to compare genotypes and anthropometric variables. Odds Ratio was calculated to reveal increased chances of presenting higher body mass index z-score, waist-to-height ratio and body fat percentage. Participants homozygous for the A allele presented significantly higher values of BMI-for-age z-score (0.38±1.01 vs. -0.29±1.15), waist circumference (77.15±6.51 vs. 72.85±7.36 cm) and waist-to-height ratio (0.44±0.04 vs. 0.42±0.04) when compared to individuals with the TT genotype. The A allele of the rs9939609 of the FTO gene seems to influence in the adiposity of male students.

Resumo A obesidade é considerada doença com múltipla etiologia. Avanços recentes na tecnologia têm apontado genes candidatos que estão relacionados ao ganho de massa corporal em diversas populações. Entretanto, em países com miscigenação étnica, como o Brasil, estudos dessa natureza com escolares ainda são escassos. Objetivou-se comparar variáveis antropométricas em estudantes brasileiros do sexo masculino de acordo com os genótipos do rs9939609 do gene FTO. Para tanto, 205 participantes tiveram sua massa corporal, estatura, circunferência da cintura e dobras cutâneas medidos. Índice de massa corporal (IMC), relação cintura-estatura e percentual de gordura foram calculados. Os voluntários foram classificados como com excesso de peso de acordo com o escore-z de IMC por idade. Ademais, os participantes foram genotipados conforme o polimorfismo de nucleotídeo único rs9939609 do gene FTO (AA, AT e TT). ANOVA de uma entrada com post hoc de Bonferroni foi realizada para comparar as variáveis antropométricas entre os genótipos. Odds ratio foi calculada no intuito de revelar chances aumentadas de apresentar maior escore-z de IMC por idade, razão cintura-estatura e percentual de gordura. Os indivíduos homozigotos para o alelo A apresentaram valores significativamente mais altos para escore-z de IMC por idade (0,38±1,01 vs. -0,29±1,15), circunferência da cintura (77,15±6,51 vs. 72,85±7,36 cm) e relação cintura-estatura (0,44±0,04 vs. 0,42±0,04) quando comparados aos indivíduos com genótipo TT. O alelo A do rs9939609 do gene FTO parece influenciar a adiposidade de estudantes do sexo masculino.

Dissociação do polimorfismodo gene da enzima conversora de angiotensina com a força, volume e qualidade muscular em mulheres sedentárias / Dissociation of the polymorphism of angiotensin-converting enzyme with strength, and muscle volume and quality in sedentary women

Introdução: A força e a massa muscular refletem a interação entre fatores ambientais e elementos genéticos. Objetivo: Analisar a influência do genótipo da enzima conversora de angiotensina (ECA) sobre a força, volume, qualidade e massa muscular total em mulheres brasileiras de meia idade sedentárias. Métodos: A amostra foi composta por 32 mulheres, separadas em dois grupos em razão do polimorfismo I/D e submetidas à avaliação da força muscular, mensuração do volume muscular do quadríceps e bíceps por meio da ultrassonografia, qualidade muscular do bíceps e quadríceps e massa muscular total. Resultados: Não foram observadas diferenças na força muscular, no volume, na qualidade muscular do quadríceps e bíceps e na massa muscular total. Conclusão: Os resultados deste estudo não demonstraram um papel importante do polimorfismo no gene da ECA na determinação dos fenótipos da força, volume e qualidade muscular de mulheres sedentárias de meia idade.

Introduction: Strength and muscle mass reflect the interactions between environmental factors and genetics. Objective: To analyze the influence of the genotype of the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) on strength, muscle volume, quality and total-body skeletal muscle mass in middle-aged sedentary women. Methods: The sample consisted of 32 women divided into two groups according to the I/D polymorphism that underwent assessments of muscular strength tests of 1RM. In addition muscle volume measurements of the quadriceps and biceps by ultrasound were obtained, and the muscle quality of the biceps and quadriceps. Results: There was no difference on muscle strength, volume and quality neither of the quadriceps and biceps muscles, nor in the total-body skeletal muscle mass. Conclusions: The findings of this study did not demonstrate an important role of the polymorphism in the ACE gene in determining the phenotypes of strength, muscle volume and quality of middle-aged sedentary women.

Interleucina-6, capacidade funcional e qualidade de vida em homens idosos com baixa massa óssea praticantes de tai chi chuan / Interleukin-6, functional capacity and quality of life in elderly men tai chi chuan apprentices with low bone mineral density

O propósito deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito do Tai Chi Chuan (TCC) na Interleucina-6 (IL-6), capacidade funcional (CF) e qualidade de vida (QV) em homens idosos com baixa densidade mineral óssea (BDMO). Completaram este estudo descritivo 56 voluntários idosos, divididos em 3 grupos: G1 (praticantes de TCC com BDMO; n = 20; idade = 69,20±6,19 anos), G2 (controle com BDMO; n = 21; idade = 69,00±5,67 anos) e G3 (controle com massa óssea normal; n = 15; idade = 68,27±6,13 anos). G1 havia praticado o TCC Estilo Yang de 24 Movimentos durante 12 semanas, 2 vezes por semana. G2 e G3 não praticaram atividade física orientada. A densidade mineral óssea (coluna lombar e colo do fêmur) foi avaliada por meio de densitometria de duplo feixe de raios X, IL-6 foi avaliada por ELISA e CF foi avaliada através dos seguintes Testes Fullerton de CF: Resistência Aeróbia (RA), Força de Membros Inferiores (FMMII), Força de Membros Superiores (FMMSS), Flexibilidade de Membros Inferiores (FLEXMMII), Flexibilidade de Membros Superiores (FLEXMMSS), Equilíbrio Estático (EQE) e Equilíbrio Dinâmico (EQD). QV foi avaliada através do Questionário SF-36. Realizou-se estatística descritiva e avaliou-se a normalidade através do teste de Shapiro-Wilk. Para comparar as variáveis dependentes entre os grupos a Análise de Variância (ANOVA) e o Teste de Kruskal Wallis foram aplicados, utilizando o pacote estatístico SPSS, para uma significância de p≤0,05. Verificou-se nos praticantes de TCC valores melhores e significantes para algumas CP e QV: RA (p=0,01), FMMII (p=0,02), FMMSS (p=0,03), EQD (p=0,01), QV – Domínio Capacidade Funcional (p=0,02) e QV – Domínio Vitalidade (p=0,03). IL-6 não apresentou diferenças significativas (p=0,72). Estes resultados indicam que TCC é eficaz na melhora da capacidade funcional e qualidade de vida em homens idosos com baixa densidade mineral óssea, porém não altera os níveis da IL-6.

The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of Tai Chi Chuan (TCC) on interleukin-6 (IL-6), functional capacity (FC) and quality of life (QOL) in elderly men with low bone mineral density (LBMD). This descriptive study had 56 volunteers senior men, divided in 3 groups: G1 (TCC apprentices with LBMD; n = 20; age = 69.20±6.19 yr), G2 (control with LBMD; n = 21; age = 69.00±5.67 yr) and G3 (control with normal bone mass; n = 15; age = 68.27±6.13 yr). G1 had practiced the 24 Forms Yang Style of TCC for 12 weeks, 2 times/week. The exercise intensity was weak (RPE 2 in CR10 Borg scale). G2 e G3 had not practiced any form of oriented physical activity. The bone mineral density (lumbar spine and femur neck) was assessed by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, IL-6 was assessed by ELISA, FC was assessed by the following Fullerton Functional Fitness Tests: aerobic endurance (AE), lower body strength (LBS), upper body strength (UBS), lower body flexibility (LBF), upper body Flexibility (UBF), static balance (SB) and dynamic balance (DB). QOL was assessed by SF-36 Questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were compiled and normality was calculated using the Shapiro-Wilk Test. In order to compare data between groups, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Kruskal Wallis Test has been applied to dependent samples, using statistical package SPSS. The level of significance was considered to be p≤0.05. TCC group showed significant and better values for: AE (p=0,01), LBS (p=0,02), UBS (p=0,03), DB (p=0,01), QOL – Physical Function (p=0,02) and QOL – Vitality (p=0,03). But, analysis showed no significant differences in IL-6 (p=0,72). These results indicate that TCC program is effective in promote functional capacity and quality of life in elderly man with LBMD, but it doesn't affect IL-6 levels.

The influence of intense intermittent versus moderate continuous exercise on postprandial lipemia

INTRODUCTION: Postprandial lipemia is characterized by an increased concentration of circulating lipids after fat intake and is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Exercise is known to reduce postprandial lipemia and its negative clinical outcomes. OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the effect of intense intermittent versus moderate continuous exercise using the same energy expenditure in postprandial lipemia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty healthy men (aged 21.5 + 3.5 years) performed a random sequence of either rest or 500 Kcal tests separated by a minimum 48 h interval as follows: (a) no exercise (control), (b) intense intermittent exercise, or (c) moderate continuous exercise. Each test series was completed 30 min before ingestion of a high-fat meal (1 g fat/kg). Venous blood was collected before and at 1, 2, 3 and 4 hours after the high-fat meal. Postprandial lipemia was assessed using the area under the curve approach as well as a kinetic profile of mean lipid variables. Statistical significance was tested at the p<0.05 level. RESULTS: With both statistical approaches, intense intermittent and moderate continuous exercises were both effective in reducing postprandial triglycerides; however, only intense intermittent exercise reduced the levels of postprandial very low density lipoprotein. Intense intermittent and continuous exercise produced lower levels of insulinemia using the area under the curve analysis only. CONCLUSION: Intense intermittent or continuous exercise with an energy expenditure of 500 kcal completed 30 min before ingestion of high-fat meal reduced postprandial lipid levels to different levels in physically active men. Understanding these relevant differences will enable clinicians to provide the best exercise prescription for patients.