ABSTRACT
Intestinal malabsorption results from a wide variety of pathogenetic mechanisms which result in impairment of digestion and absorption of the nutrients. Malabsorption syndromes are organised in to three broad categories. One due to maldigestion, second due to mucosal or neural problems, third due to microbial causes. Small intestinal biopsies are needed to establish the definitive diagnosis. In this article, we attempt to review the literature of the etiopathogenetic mechanisms and diagnosis with histopathological confirmation of the most common malabsorption syndromes.
ABSTRACT
Background: Nephrectomies whether partial, total or radical are common surgical procedures these days with trauma being the most common cause of an emergency nephrectomy. The indications of elective nephrectomies vary with different age groups- malignancies being common in the elderly age group and non-neoplastic indications of nephrectomy may present in any age group. The present study was undertaken in view of the increasing elective nephrectomies in our area thus analyzing the common causes requiring nephrectomy as a treatment. The present study also aimed at determining the age and sex distribution of various renal lesions requiring a nephrectomy. Methods: It was a prospective study for a period of 2 years - January 2013 to December 2014. A total of 45 nephrectomies were included in the study. Detailed clinical, biochemical and imaging findings were taken into consideration before analyzing each case. Results: There was a male predominance(64.4%) and 26.6% of the cases were in the age group of 40-50 years. 95.5% of the nephrectomies were performed for a non-neoplastic indication. Involvement of the right and left kidney was almost equal in the study. Chronic pyelonephritis was the most common histopathological diagnosis(68.8%). Conclusion: Inflammatory causes more commonly required a nephrectomy in the study population. Chronic calculous pyelonephritis was the most common underlying pathophysiology leading to a nonfunctioning kidney thus highlighting the early treatment of renal calculi.
ABSTRACT
The supernumerary fascicles of abductor digiti minimi muscle have been implicated in vascular and nerve compression. During routine dissection of an old male cadaver we observed an anomalous muscle was found to take it's origin from the antebrachial fascia and flexor retinaculum, traversed ulnar canal (Guyon's) superficial to ulnar vessels and nerves to reach the proximal part of abductor digiti minimi. The anomaly is one of a kind. Its course through Guyon's canal could be a cause for Guyon's canal syndrome. It was innervated by the ulnar nerve.
Los fascículos supernumerarios del músculo abductor del dedo mínimo han sido implicados en la compresión neurovascular. Durante una disección de rutina de un cadáver masculino adulto, se observó un músculo anómalo que se originaba en la fascia antebraquial y en el retináculo flexor, atravesaba el canal ulnar, superficial a los vasos y nervio ulnares para llegar a la parte proximal del músculo abductor del dedo mínimo. La anomalía es única en su tipo. Su curso a través del canal ulnar puede causar el síndrome del canal ulnar. El músculo estaba inervado por el nervio ulnar.