ABSTRACT
Background: The expression of androgen (AR) and estrogen receptors (ER-A, ER-B) in Prostate cancer is well documented, but there are limited data about the same in patients with BPH. Hence the present study was designed to analyse the gene and protein expression of androgen and estrogen receptors in patients with BPH. Materials and Methods: Prostatic tissues were obtained from 27 BPH patients aged between 55 to 85 years by transurethral resection of prostate. Based on prostate volume, BPH patients were divided into two groups, Group A (?30mL) and Group B (>30mL). The mRNA and protein expression of AR, ER-A and B were assessed by Quantitative real time PCR, Western blotting and Immunohistochemistry. Results: AR gene (P < 0.05) and protein expression (P = 0.03) and ER-A gene (P < 0.05) and protein expression (P = 0.02) was significantly higher in BPH patients with larger prostate size compared to smaller prostate size. Immunohistochemistry showed that AR expression was predominate in ductal cells of larger volume prostate tissues while AR expression in stromal tissue was the dominant finding in patients with smaller prostate size. Also serum estradiol was significantly increased in patients with larger prostate size (P = 0.03). Conclusion: Androgen and Estrogen receptor expression increases with increase in prostate volume in BPH cases.
ABSTRACT
Background: Knowledge of the position and grade of accessory fissures and lobes is necessary for appreciation of lobar anatomy and thus locating bronchopulmonary segments. Methods: Morphological variations of accessory fissures and lobes of the lungs were studied in 40 pairs of lungs from cadavers. Results: Four left-sided lungs and two right-sided lungs showed accessory fissure in the lower lobe. Only one accessory fissure of left lung belongs to grade-ii and the remaining belongs to grade iii. [According to Craig and Walker’s fissural classification] Conclusions: Awareness regarding accessory fissures and lobes is essential for performing lobectomies, segmental resection, for differential diagnosis and interpreting radiological images.
ABSTRACT
Autopsy surgeons, often observed that the nail abrasions produced over the neck of victims in manual strangulation are almost straight and do not resemble the shape of nails, which are semi-circular/cresentic. A study is undertaken to know the reason for the same. During the study it is observed that the skin gets stretched while the assailant is applying pressure and only then nails produce indentations. Once the pressure is removed the stretched skin reverts back to its original position. Thus the semicircular indentations caused over the stretched skin appear straight after the skin regains its original position.
Subject(s)
Asphyxia , Fingers/injuries , Humans , Ligation , Nails/anatomy & histology , Nails/injuries , Neck Injuries , Skin/pathologyABSTRACT
The topography of long hair sensilla on the coxae of walking legs and pedipalps of the scorpion Heterometrus fulvipes is described. Identified long hair sensilla are cobalt filled, and central projections of sensory fibres are reported for the first time in the suboesophageal ganglion of this scorpion. The afferent fibres arising from each long hair sensilla segregate into ventral, dorsomedial and dorsal tracts upon their entry into the suboesophageal ganglion. These transverse tracts bifurcate towards the middle of the leg neuromere and form three ipsilateral, plurisegrnental, longitudinal sensory pathways. Filling a pair of bilaterally distributed long hair sensilla shows bilaterally arranged longitudinal afferent tracts interconnected by distinct transverse commissures. Similar patterns of sensory projections are observed when filling homologous hairs on other legs and pedipalps. Numerous fine collaterals arise from the longitudinal sensory trancts that subdivide and end in small blebs presumed to be presynaptic endings. The dorsal and dorsomedial longitudinal tracts and their respective commissures are in close association with the dendritic arborisations of pedipalpal and leg motor neurons, suggesting direct contact between them. The probable functions of these multisegmental hair afferent pathways are discussed.