ABSTRACT
Background: Estimation of low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is crucial in management of coronary artery disease patients. There are many homogenous assays currently available for the estimation of serum LDL-C. Most clinical laboratories determine LDL-C (mg/dl) by Friedewald’s formula (FF). Recently Anandaraja and colleagues have derived a new formula for calculating LDLC. This formula needs to be evaluated before it is extensively applied in diagnosis. Aim: The aim of this study was to compare the results obtained by direct homogenous assay for LDLC to those obtained by Friedewald’s and Anandaraja’s formulas with the assumption that the results obtained by direct assay are the most accurate. Materials and methods: We measured Lipid profile (TC, TG, HDL-C, D-LDL-C) by direct homogenous method in 715 fasting samples. Simultaneously Friedewald’s and Anandaraja’s formulas were also used for calculation of LDL-C (FF-LDL-C and AR-LDL-C, respectively). Results: The mean LDL-C levels were 117.78 ± 13.797, 115.51 ± 12.854 and 112.93 ± 11.671 mg/dl for D-LDL-C, FF-LDL-C and AR-LDL-C respectively. There was a statistically significant difference between the results (P ˂ 0.001) obtained by calculation formulas compared to the measured LDL-C. There was underestimation of LDL-C by 2.27 mg/dl and 4.85 mg/dl by Friedewald’s and Sridevi V, Vinit Anand, Mahendrappa S.K. Comparison of Friedewald’s and Anandaraja’s formula with direct estimation of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in Shivamogga population. IAIM, 2016; 3(7): 120-131. Page 121 Anandaraja’s formulas respectively. In this study, the Pearson’s correlation between FF-LDL-C and D-LDL-C was 0.881 and that between AR-LDL-C and D-LDL-C was 0.880. Bland–Altman graphs showed a definite agreement between mean and differences of the calculation formulas and direct LDL-C with 95% of values lying with in ±2 SD limits. Conclusion: The results of our study showed that FF is better in agreement with D-LDL-C than Anandaraja’s formula for estimation of LDL-C by calculation though both lead to its underestimation.
ABSTRACT
Aim: The present study aimed at optimization of Lactic acid production using new isolate, Lactobacillus plantarum JX183220 with cassava flour (Manihot esculenta Crantz) in semi-solid fermentation by Response Surface Methodology. Study Design: Box-Behnken design of Response Surface Methodology was used. Place: Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, ANITS, Visakhapatnam. Materials and Methods: Lactobacillus plantarum JX183220 isolated from goat milk was used for the production of Lactic acid using cassava flour (CF) in semi-solid fermentation. Different fermentation parameters such as incubation time, inoculum volume, pH, temperature, substrate concentration (cassava flour), and Calcium carbonate concentration were initially optimized in preliminary studies. The substrate concentration, temperature and pH were chosen as potential variables and further optimized using Box-Behnken design of Response Surface Methodology. A second order polynomial regression model was fitted and was found adequate with a high coefficient of determination, R2 (0.9913). Validation experiment was carried out at optimum conditions of the parameters as determined from the model. Results: The preliminary experiments revealed that maximum production of lactic acid by Lactobacillus plantarum JX183220 was observed on 4th day of incubation with 2% inoculum and 0.3% Calcium carbonate. Optimization using Box -Behnken design of RSM resulted in maximum Lactic acid production of 18.3679 g/100 g of cassava at optimum conditions of substrate concentration, 1.225%; Temperature, 36.39°C and pH 6.43. These results were confirmed by validation experiment. Conclusion: Optimum parameters for the direct conversion of cassava flour starch to Lactic acid by new isolate, Lactobacillus plantarum JX183220 were determined. Box Behnken design of RSM was found to be convenient tool with 15 runs for optimizing lactic acid production. The lactic acid production could be further enhanced by saccharification and fermentation in future studies.
ABSTRACT
In order to know the effect of supports on cephamycin C production, under similar experimental conditions, S. clavuligerus cells were immobilized with--sponge, 2% agar, 2% and 4% alginate support materials. An experimental set of free cell was also maintained as control. Cephamycin C production by these immobilized and free cells was estimated at 48, 96 and 120 hr of fermentation. In all the cases cephamycin C production was found to be high at 120 hr of fermentation. Sponge was found to be a better support material than other supports used for immobilization.