Effect of Different Pre - Sowing Seed Treatments on Germination and Growth of Papaya (Carica papaya L.) Seedlings cv. Arka Surya

A study on effect of pre-sowing seed treatments with organics, chemicals and plant growth regulators on seed germination and seedlings growth of papaya cv. Arka Surya was carried out at YSRHU- College of Horticulture, Anantharajupeta during the year 2021 - 2022, under complete randomized design with eighteen treatments and replicated thrice. The papaya seeds were subjected to various organic, chemicals and plant growth regulators treatments. Papaya seeds soaked in KH2PO4 @ 0.5% (T7) had recorded minimum days for initiation of germination (8.67) and 50% germination (10.34). The treated seeds had also recorded maximum germination percentage (86.66), germination index (1.16), dry weight of shoots (2.00 g), tap root length (26.33 cm), number of lateral roots per seedling (22.84), dry weight of roots (0.79 g), quality index of papaya seedlings (0.47) and seedling survivability (100.00%). In addition the same treatment exhibited higher chlorophyll content (3.51 and 3.91 mg/g), photosynthetic rate (15.32 and 17.76 µmol Co2m-2s-1), transpiration rate (4.61 and 5.69 mmol m-2 s-1) and stomatal conductance (2.73 and 4.12 mol m-2 s-1) at 35 and 45 DAS, respectively. While the lowest values for germination and growth parameters were observed in treatment salicylic acid @ 2 mM (T16). Among all the treatments, KH2PO4 @ 0.5% (T7) was found to be superior to the other treatments followed by KNO3 @ 0.5% for the enhancement of germination, growth and physiological traits.

A Comprehensive Review On Adulteration Of Raw Materials Used In Asu Drug Manufacturing

Ayurveda is a system of Indian traditional form of alternative medicine. In 20th and 21th century due to side effects of synthetic drugs, there is an increasing interesting ASU medicine. At present the adulteration of the herbal drugs is the burning problem in ASU herbal industry and it has caused a major problem in the research on commercial natural products. The deforestation and extinction of many species and incorrect identification of many plants has resulted in adulteration and substitution of raw drugs. The future development of analysis of herbs is largely depended upon reliable methodologies for correct identification, standardization and quality assurance of Ayurvedic drugs. In India normally the contamination/adulteration in food/crude drugs is done either for financial gain or due to carelessness and lack in proper hygienic condition of processing, storing, transportation and marketing. Medicinal plants constitute an effective source of traditional and modern medicine. Adulteration is considered as an intentional addition of foreign substances to increase the weight of the product or to decrease its cost. It may be due to- Confusion in vernacular names, Lack of knowledge about authentic plants, Non availability, Similarity in morphology, activity, aroma, Careless collection and other unknown reasons. This article throws a light on adulteration, types, common market adulterants in ASU medicines and prescribed Prevention methods.

Production of cephalosporin C by immobilized cells of Cephalosporium acremonium.

Cephalosporium acremonium ATCC 48272 cells were immobilized on various adsorbents and in various entrapment matrices. The influence of the incubation period, the best immobilization technique and the optimum concentrations of the selected matrices were investigated. From the results of the repeated batch fermentation in shake flasks, a good level of antibiotic was maintained for a period of about 19 days using 4% calcium alginate and 1% glass wool as entrapment and adsorbent supports, respectively.

Production of alkaline proteinase by a new bacterial strain, Bacillus PE-11.

A new strain of Bacillus sp., Bacillus PE-11 isolated and identified in our laboratory was found to be a potential producer of alkaline proteinase. The production of proteinase was studied in thirteen different reported media to select the optimal production medium. In all the reported media, the medium XII of composition: glucose, 0.2%; peptone, 1.5%; salt solution, 5% (MgSO4. 7H2O, 0.5%; KH2PO4, 0.5%; FeSO4. 7H2O, 0.01%; distilled water make up to 100 ml.) is found to have the highest inducing effect on enzyme production.

A new streptomycete producing diphenyl sulfone antibiotic--S. sulfonensis.

About 359 actinomycetes were isolated from 8 different natural substrates collected from different parts of Andhra Pradesh. The isolates were screened on the basis of their inhibitory effect against test organisms. Finally one potent antibiotic producer was chosen having broad-spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and it was found to produce a diphenyl sulfone antibiotic. On the basis of morphological, cultural, physiological and biochemical characters, the diphenyl sulfone antibiotic producer was identified as a new species and was designated as S. sulfonensis.

Production of extracellular protease by Streptomyces fradiae.

A new strain of Streptomyces fradiae, isolated and identified in our laboratory, was found to be a potential producer of protease enzyme. An enzyme yield of 285 P.U./ml. was obtained prior to optimization in a synthetic medium containing potato starch, potassium nitrate and trace salts by shake flask method. The carbon and nitrogen compounds play prominent role in the protease production. The maximum enzyme yield of 930 P.U./ml. (about 3-fold increase) was obtained with all optimum parameters such as pH. 7.0, with 3% jowar starch, 0.5% tryptone, 28 degrees C incubation temperature, with 1:20 medium to flask volume ratio and with 48 hrs. inoculum.