ABSTRACT
Two blind persons received corneal transplants from a single donor who showed no signs of rabies before he died. One of the recipients, a young girl, died 16 days later of rabies and the other recipient survived. We discuss the possible mode of transmission of rabies to the first recipient and the management of the second recipient.
Subject(s)
Adult , Antibodies, Viral/administration & dosage , Child , Fatal Outcome , Female , Fuchs' Endothelial Dystrophy/surgery , Humans , Keratoplasty, Penetrating/adverse effects , Male , Middle Aged , Post-Exposure Prophylaxis , Rabies/drug therapy , Rabies/transmission , Rabies Vaccines/administration & dosageABSTRACT
We report a large series of ocular injuries caused by fire-crackers. This study was a hospital-based, singlecenter, retrospective case series in which the records of 51 patients with ocular injuries were analyzed. Injuries were classified according to Birmingham eye trauma terminology system (BETTS). Visual outcomes before and after the intervention were recorded. Ten patients were admitted for further management. As ocular firecracker injuries result in significant morbidity, public education regarding proper use of firecrackers may help in reducing the incidence of ocular injuries.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Blast Injuries/pathology , Child , Explosions , Eye Injuries/etiology , Eye Injuries/pathology , Eye Injuries/therapy , Female , Holidays , Humans , India , Male , Middle Aged , Young AdultABSTRACT
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: Most group A streptococcal (GAS) vaccine strategies focused on the surface M protein of the GAS. However, vaccine based on M protein have some drawbacks. In the present study, we used two approaches to identify new proteins and peptides that may have utility as vaccine candidates. METHODS: A whole gel elution procedure was used to separate GAS surface antigens into 9 size fractionated pools. Mice were vaccinated with each pool and antibody titre, opsonic ability and protective capacity measured. In an alternative approach BioInformatics was used to identify putative GAS surface proteins. Peptides from within these proteins were then selected on the basis of predicted antigenicity or location. These peptides were conjugated to keyhole lymphocyanin (KLH) and immunogenicity measured in a mouse model. RESULTS: One pool of GAS surface proteins (approximately 29kDa) induced antibodies that were both opsonic and potentially protective. Immunoflourescent microscopy demonstrated that these antibodies bound to the surface of M1 GAS. Amino acid sequencing subsequently identified superoxide dismutase as the major antigen in this pool. A BioInformatic search of the M1 GAS genome and subsequent analysis identified several peptides that fulfilled criteria as potential vaccine candidates. Each peptide when conjugated to KLH was able to induce a strong antibody response. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION: Several new antigens were identified that may have potential as vaccine targets. A future GAS vaccine may have multiple peptide epitopes, providing protection against multiple GAS strains.
Subject(s)
Amino Acid Sequence , Animals , Antibodies, Bacterial/biosynthesis , Bacterial Vaccines/chemistry , Mice , Microscopy, Fluorescence , Molecular Sequence Data , Streptococcus pyogenes/immunologyABSTRACT
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: The fibronectin binding protein Sfb1 of Streptococcus pyogenes is a well characterised antigen which induces protection against lethal challenge with group A streptococcus (GAS) when adjuvanted with cholera toxin B-subunit (CTB). As an alternative to CTB adjuvanted intranasal immunisations we investigated the immune responses generated in mice using Sfb1 incorporated in to the skin and mucosal adjuvant SAMA4. METHODS: Mice (BALB/c) were vaccinated intradermally with 100 microl of either SAMA4 (adjuvant only group) or SAMA4/Sfb1 and were boosted 7 days later. Mice vaccinated with CTB based vaccines were immunised by intranasal inoculation with a mixture containing 30 microg Sfb1 and 10 microg CTB on days 1, 3, 5 and 15. At 14 days after the last booster immunisation the immune response was characterised and mice were challenged with 10(8) CFU of S. pyogenes. RESULTS: Mice vaccinated with SAMA4/Sfb1 elicited a Sfb1-specific IgG response in the sera that was significantly higher than that seen in control mice and mice immunised with the adjuvant only (P<0.05). No significant differences were seen for specific IgA antibodies in the sera in all groups examined. Compared with non-immunised and adjuvant only immunised controls, mice immunised with the Sfb1/SAMA4 vaccine exhibited a significant increase (P<0.05) in the number of Sfb1 reactive spleen cells in lymphoproliferation assays which were three fold higher than those seen for mice vaccinated with the Sfb1/CTB vaccine. Mice vaccinated with CTB/Sfb1 had the highest level of protection (80%) as where mice vaccinated with SAMA4 and SAMA4/Sfb1 displayed no protection (20% and 40%). INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION: These data suggest that the SAMA4 adjuvant used in this study fails to elicit protective immunity in BALB/c mice when used to adjuvant the known protective antigen Sfb1.