ABSTRACT
Presence of supernumerary renal artery (accessory renal artery) is the most common anatomical variation of renal arterial systemand is seen with varying frequencies among different ethnic and racial groups. Prior knowledge of these variations is of great surgical importance as it influences the selection of donor kidney, partial nephrectomy and other urological procedures. Aim of the present study was to observe the prevalence of accessory renal artery (ARA) and their distribution pattern with relation to gender and side in adultNorth Indian population. One hundred normal healthy adult (16 males and 84 females; mean age of 43.5±10.42 years) who were prospective voluntary kidney donors underwent MDCTand CTangiography evaluation for the presence of accessory renal artery. Accessory renal artery (ARA) was present in 25.0% kidneys. The prevalence of accessory renal arteries in males and females was similar (25.0%) respectively. On the right side the prevalence of accessory renal artery was 26.0% and on left side it was 24.0%. In males 25% kidneys had unilateral single accessory renal artery. In females 14.3% of left kidneys and 16.7% of right kidneys had a single unilateral accessory renal artery. In 9.5% femalesubjects bilateral accessory renal arteries were present in the kidneys. The prevalence of accessory renal artery in our North Indian population was 25.0%, which is similar to studies from other Asian countries. The distribution pattern was not affected by gender and side. These findings need further validation in a larger cohort of subjects.
ABSTRACT
Aims and Objective: In 70% of normal population, each kidney is applied by a single renal artery. Renal arteriesare known to present with wide range of anatomic variations. These variations are frequently related to thenumber of renal arteries, level of origin, length, diameter and branching pattern. Renal transplantation is theonly curative option for end stage renal disease. Laparoscopic donor nephrectomy has become the preferredtechnique in renal transplant programs. The transplant surgeon requires at least 2 cm of renal artery lengthbefore hilar branching and diameter of 3 mm to ensure adequate vascular anastomosis. Therefore, a priorknowledge of number of renal arteries, the length and diameter of renal artery and branching pattern has becomeessential for renal transplant surgeons.Material and Methods: One hundred prospective healthy voluntary kidney donors (16 males and 84 females;mean age of 43.5±10.42 years), were evaluated for the renal artery anatomy by MDCT and CT angiography as partof preoperative assessment prior to donor nephrectomy. The number, level of origin, the diameter and length ofrenal artery on either side was recorded.Results: Single renal artery was present in 75.5% kidneys. The right MRA originated from aorta at the level of L1vertebra in 78% cases and left MRA originated from aorta at lower level( L2 vertebra) in 47% of cases.The meanlength of left and right renal artery was 26.2±10.6 mm and 29.6±12.8 mm respectively; mean diameter was5.8±1.2 mm and 5.2±1.0 mm respectively. The difference between length and diameter of both sides was statisticallysignificant. The mean diameter of left MRA was 5.8±1.2 mm and right MRA 5.2±1.0 mm and difference wasstatistically significant (p=0.001). Both in males and females the mean diameter of left MRA was more than thatof right MRA.Conclusion: In the present study it was observed that single renal artery was present in 75.5% kidneys. The rightMRA originated from aorta at a higher level compared to left MRA. The left renal artery was shorter and widerthan right renal artery. In 22.5% cases the length of renal artery was less than 2.0 cm.
ABSTRACT
Duckweed (Lemna minor) a small vascular plant, grows rapidly, is sensitive to a wide variety of toxicants and is easy to culture. A method is described that measures duckweed frond growth, chlorophyll, protein and biomass content as indicator of growth inhibition. The physico-chemical analysis of anaerobically treated distillery effluent revealed high BOD (28,000 mg/l), COD (52,400 mg/l) and dark brown colour (180,000 Co. Pt.). This effluent showed high toxicity to Lemna minor after 96 h of exposure in laboratory condition. EC50 of the fronds for chlorophyll, protein and biomass was found to be 25%, however, the bacterial decolourised effluent showed reduction of BOD (87.50%), COD (84.50%) and colour (76%). Further the toxicity evaluation with Lemna minor showed toxicity reduction up to 63% for all tested parameters. The EC50 noted for chlorophyll, protein and biomass was 100% concentration of decolourised effluent.