Assessment of diabetes risk among adult population using Indian diabetes risk score and to correlate with actual capillary blood sugar level: a cross sectional study

Background: Diabetes is one of the fastest growing health challenges of the 21st century, with the number of adults living with diabetes having more than tripled over the past 20 years. IDRS is pre-screening tool for assessing diabetes mellitus. It is also a non-invasive procedure and less time consuming. Aim were to assess diabetes risk among adult urban population of district Etawah by using Indian Diabetes Risk Score and to correlate it with actual capillary blood sugar status. Methods: The present study was a cross sectional study carried out among 200 adult urban non diabetic population the age group of 30 years and above. The data was collected using predesigned questionnaire followed by capillary blood sugar estimation. The data was collected under following broad heading: socio-demographic profile, Behavioural factor, Indian diabetes risk score and capillary blood sugar estimation. Results: Majority of the participants were in the age group of 35-49 years and Hindu by religion. 62.5% gave history of fast food consumption, nearly half of the participants gave the history of moderate to heavy physical exercise. It was found that 89% of the participants fall under the category of intermediate and high risk category. On application of test of association between IDRS score and actual capillary blood sugar level, strong association exist between the two variables. Conclusions: The present study concludes that IDRS is a powerful tool for screening of high risk group of diabetes. There is a strong association between capillary blood sugar and IDRS score.

Evaluation of awareness and factors determining satisfaction among tuberculosis patients regarding RNTCP services in a western district of Uttar Pradesh: a cross sectional study

Background: With the help of ‘Revised National Tuberculosis Control Program’ (RNTCP), India has envisioned to end Tuberculosis (TB) five years ahead of the targets set by SDG which was by 2030. Regular evaluation is necessary for every programme to keep the programme in track and to identify the existing lacunae. Therefore, this study was planned to assess the awareness of TB patients regarding RNTCP along with identifying the factors which determine satisfaction of TB patients. Methods: A community-based cross sectional study was conducted on patients seeking treatment at district tuberculosis centre and DOTs centres of district. The data were collected using a close-ended, pretested and pre-validated questionnaire. Results: The mean score for awareness regarding TB among 205 study participants was 5.76±1.88 with level of awareness being poor, average and good in 41%, 31% and 28% of the study participants respectively. The mean satisfaction score was 9.47±1.02 and the services were perceived as good, average and poor by 56%, 39% and 5% of the study population respectively. Majority of the participants were unsatisfied due to the untimely distribution of the money provided under Nikshay Poshan Yojna (31.7%). The reasons for satisfaction among majority of the participants was the availability of staff at DOTS Centre (87.3%). A significant correlation was observed between satisfaction score and awareness score (r2=0.033, p=0.01). Conclusions: The overall awareness and satisfaction about RNTCP services was good among TB patients with a greater satisfaction among people with high awareness.

Comparison of orthopedic trauma patterns in geriatric patients during COVID-19 pandemic led lockdown and non-lockdown periods

Background: Lockdown had hindered persons’ ability to engage in regular physical activity. Our study analysed bone trauma patients who visited the orthopedic department based on the mode of injury, kind of extremity involved, and the bone implicated. Methods: This was a retrospective cross-sectional study of patients visiting the orthopedic surgery department of a North Indian tertiary health care centre. Patient data was recorded from the case sheets. Results: A total of 792 patients’ data was collected, out of which 250 patients were those of during lockdown, and 542 patients were of non-lockdown phase. During the lockdown phase, the patients who have undergone RTA were 37 (14.8%), those admitted for domestic trauma were 128 (51.2%), and those for miscellaneous causes were 85 (34%). During the non-lockdown phase, RTA were 145 (26.739%), domestic were 318 (58.608%) and miscellaneous were 79 (14.652%). During lockdown, the site of injury was upper limb in 59 patients, lower limb in 154 patients, vertebrae in 37 patients. In the non-lockdown phase, the upper limb was injured in 95 patients, lower limb in 377 patients, vertebrae in 52 patients and hip bone in 17 patients. Femur was the most affected bone. Conclusions: There was a decrease in the number of instances during the lockdown. During both the periods, the majority of geriatric patients were from rural areas. Domestic trauma cases were most prevalent in the older age range, and the most common extremity implicated appeared to be the lower limb, with the femur being the most involved bone in both stages.

Open label case control prospective study to evaluate the impact of aceclofenac on antihypertensive action of amlodipine and ramipril in hypertensive patients with osteoarthritis

Objective: To study the impact of aceclofenac on antihypertensive action of amlodipine and ramiprilin hypertensive patients with osteoarthritis in an open label case control prospective study. Methods: This was an open label case control prospective study. Hypertensive patients on either amlodipine or Ramipril were included in control groups. A total of 120 patients were included in the study and divided into 4 groups: Group A- Hypertensivepatients on Ramipril; Group B – Hypertensive patients with concomitant osteoarthritis taking Aceclofenac and Ramipril; Group C– Hypertensive patients on Amlodipine and Group D- Hypertensive patients with concomitant osteoarthritis taking Aceclofenac and Amlodipine. Results: At the end of the first month (phase I), the ramipril subgroup in the control group had a mean systolic blood pressure of 136.73±3.80 which was an 8.19% decrease from the baseline and it was found significant (p<0.05). The systolic blood pressure measurements at the end of the second month (phase II) in the control groups revealed further fall in mean systolic blood pressure. The cases of osteoarthritis on aceclofenacand ramiprilshowedan increase in BP. The mean Systolic BP was 159.2 ± 5.816.An increase of 9.74%from the base line and 16.09% was noted at the end of phase-I (P<0.5). Patients on aceclofenac and amlodipine in contrast showed a fall in BP from base line in phase 0 and their mean systolic blood pressure at positive in of second month of phase-II was 142.07± 2.43 about 1.88% fall baseline and 2.94% increase in BP compared to Phase-I. Almost similar observations were recorded for diastolic blood pressure. Conclusion: The interaction of NSAIDs on the antihypertensive action of the ACE inhibitors is significantly greater than their blunting action on the calcium channel blockers.

Comparison of foetomaternal circulation in normal pregnancies and pregnancy induced hypertension using color doppler studies.

The aim of present study was to assess fetomaternal blood flows in normal and abnormal pregnancies using color doppler indices. Subjects were divided into two groups as: Group A of 25 subjects of normal pregnancy as controls and group B of 25 subjects of pregnancy induced hypertension. All the subjects were lying in the age-group of 25-35 years and having 28 to 34 weeks of gestation; the patients were evaluated by detailed history and were subjected to complete general examination. Blood pressure was taken on two occasions at least 6 hours apart. Systemic examination and obstetrical examination was done in all subjects. All cases were subjected to pathological tests- Haemogram, Test for proteins in urine. Ultrasound assessment of fetal growth was done by measuring BPD (Biparietal diameter), HC (Head circumference), FL (Femur length) and AC (Abdominal circumference). Average gestational age and effective fetal weight was then calculated by ultrasound machine. Color Doppler was used to assess the various doppler indices indices: Pulsatility index (PI), Resistive index (RI) and Systolic diastolic ratio (S/D ratio) in bilateral uterine, umbilical and middle cerebral arteries and compared to the standard normograms. Percentage of subjects having abnormal doppler indices were calculated. Assessment of percentage of SGA (small for gestational age) fetuses was done in all the three groups. Decline in mean values of all doppler indices was found with advancing gestational age in normal pregnancy suggesting decreased vascular resistance and increased blood flow in fetomaternal circulation. In pregnancy induced hypertensives, the mean values of doppler indices showed a decline as in normal pregnancy but showed an increase (more than 2 S.D. of the mean) for that gestational age in comparison to the control group suggesting increased impedance to blood flow in uteroplacental and fetomaternal circulation. Umbilical artery doppler indices were found to be the most sensitive indicator of uteroplacental and fetoplacental insufficiency in pregnancy induced hypertensives (P=0.001). Thus we concluded that color doppler can detect changes in fetomaternal circulation which correlate strongly with the fetal growth and therefore associated with pregnancy outcome.

Multifocal epithelioid hemangioendothelioma presenting with hemoptysis.

We present a case of multifocal epithelioid hemangioendothelioma occurring in an adolescent boy who presented with massive hemoptysis and showed a pulmonary perihilar mass with multiple lesions in the liver and two lytic lesions in the ribs on imaging. The diagnosis was confirmed by lung and liver biopsy. He was treated with oral steroids.

Postprandial lipid abnormalities in type 2 diabetes mellitus.

AIM AND OBJECTIVES: To study the postprandial lipid abnormalities in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Postprandial lipids were studied in 20 male type 2 diabetic subjects (age 49.75 +/- 4.82 years) and 20 age and sex matched healthy controls (age 49.55 +/- 4.82 years) after an oral fat challenge which consisted of a meal providing 729 keal/m2 body surface area with 68 gm fat. RESULTS: Average duration of diabetes among diabetic was 2.32 +/- 3.03 years. The body mass index (cases 25.84 +/- 4.52; controls 25.74 +/- 5.0; p > 0.05) and waist-hip ratio (cases 1.06 +/- 0.13; controls 1.14 +/- 0.2; p > 0.05) were similar in both groups. While fasting serum lipids were not significantly different between the two groups, a number of serum lipid abnormalities were noted in type 2 diabetic subjects in the postprandial state. These included a higher triglyceride-area under curve (AUC) (cases 1298.08 +/- 485.2 vs. controls 922.15 +/- 390.47 mg/dl/8h; p=0.01), a higher triglyceride-area under incremental curve (AUIC) (cases 549.68 +/- 382.24; control 294.75 +/- 172.6 mg/dl/8h; p=0.01), a higher peak triglyceride level (cases 425.2 +/- 204.47 mg%, controls 283.9 +/- 11.6.94 mg%, p=0.01), a lower HDL-AUC (cases 130.35 +/- 33.55 vs. controls 168.48 +/- 56.01 mg/dl/8h, p=0.013) and a lower HDL nadir (Cases 28.05 +/- 10.94 mg%, controls 37.13 +/- 13.52 mg%, p < 0.02). Triglyceride AUC correlated significantly with fasting serum triglyceride (r=0.62) and BMI (r=0.7), but not with waist hip ratio or fasting serum insulin levels. Postprandial lipaemia did not correlate with age, duration of diabetes, fasting blood glucose or glycosylated hemoglobin. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, make type 2 diabetics demonstrate significant postprandial lipid abnormalities, particularly of triglycerides, which appear to be independent of glycaemic control.

Isolated tuberculosis of the pancreas diagnosed with needle aspiration: a case report and review of the literature.

Pancreatic tuberculosis is very rare, especially in immunocompetent patients, and represents a diagnostic challenge. The clinical features in patients with pancreatic tuberculosis are usually non-specific. The radiological features mimic pancreatic malignancy or pancreatitis. We describe a case of pancreatic tuberculosis mimicking carcinoma on Computed tomography scan. Ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) showed caseating granulomatous inflammation. The diagnosis of pancreatic tuberculosis was made and the patient was put on anti-tubercular therapy. Five months later, a repeat CT scan of the abdomen revealed resolution of the pancreatic lesion. We emphasize that tuberculosis should now be included in the differential diagnosis of a pancreatic mass. Diagnostic indicators include the association of a pancreatic mass with fever, the presence of abdominal pain and a cystic pancreatic mass in a younger patient coming from a region where tuberculosis is endemic.

Polymorphism of GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes in prostate cancer: a study from North India.

BACKGROUND: Glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs) are active in the detoxification of wide variety of endogenous or exogenous carcinogens. The genetic polymorphisms of GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes have been studied earlier to evaluate the relative risk of various cancers. AIM, SETTING AND DESIGN: In the present study, we examined the association of the GSTM1 and GSTT1 gene polymorphisms with sporadic prostate cancer patients in north Indian population. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This case control study was undertaken over a period of 24 months and included 103 prostate cancer patients and 117 controls; both patients and controls originated from northern part of India. The GSTT1 and GSTM1 genotypes were identified by multiplex PCR in peripheral blood DNA samples. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Difference in genotype prevalence and association between case and control group were assessed by the Chi square and Fisher Exact tests. RESULTS: Frequencies of null genotypes in GSTT1 and GSTM1, was 11% (13/117) and 30% (35/117) respectively in control individuals. The frequencies of GSTT1 and GSTM1 null genotypes in prostate cancer patients were 34% (35/103) and 53% (55/103) respectively. CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrates that the null genotypes of GSTT1 and GSTM1 are substantially at higher risk for prostate carcinoma as compared to the normal healthy controls. The GSTT1 and GSTM1 null genotypes did not show significant association with tobacco usage in prostate cancer patients. However, the null genotypes were significantly stratified in 50-60 year-old patients when incidence of prostate cancer is high.

A study on mass hysteria (monkey men?) victims in East Delhi.

During the summer month of May 2001 East Delhi came in grip of an outbreak of mass hysteria. Initial reports alleged that some monkey like creature attacked and caused injuries among number of persons. A medical board was set up to examine and find out the cause of injuries in the victims of the outbreak as a part exercise to apprehend the culprit. The study describes the sociodemographic pattern and injuries observed in these cases. Majority of victims were adult males, belonging to low socioeconomic strata and having low educational level. The incidents occurred mainly during night at the time of power failure. The type, distribution and characteristic of the injuries suggested of their accidental nature. The paper also discusses the role of forensic experts and press in such outbreak.

Pancreatic divisum with choledochal cyst and calculus: MR appearance.

Pancreatic divisum is the most common congenital anomaly of the pancreas but its association with choledochal cyst is extremely rare. We describe here a case of pancreatic divisum with choledochal cyst with a stone which was successfully treated at surgery. The common congenital pancreaticobiliary abnormalities are briefly discussed.

Hemangioma of the oral cavity in a seven year old: a case report.

A rare case of haemangioma of the oral cavity is presented. The lesion was treated using cryo-surgery.

Melanotic neuroectodermal tumour of infancy: a case report.

Melanotic Neuroectodermal Tumour of Infancy is a rare tumour. Prompt recognition of such a case is essential for the Pediatric Dentist Presented here is a case of a four and a half month old child who reported in the dental out patient department of Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital with a swelling in the right anterior maxillary ridge region.

Tubercular abdominal abscess following laparoscopic cholecystectomy: case report.

As laparoscopic cholecystectomy has become one of the most commonly performed operations, radiologists increasingly encounter complications resulting from these. Late abdominal abscesses developing as a result of dropped gallstones albeit unusual, have been described. Abdominal wall tuberculosis following laparoscopy has also been reported. We report a rare case of intraabdominal and abdominal wall abscesses of tubercular aetiology associated with dropped stones following laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

Angioembolisation in vaginal vascular malformation.

Vaginal arteriovenous malformations are rare entities and their most common presentation is vaginal haemorrhage. This case report describes a 22-year-old woman who presented at 20 weeks of gestation with slow growing soft and tender swelling at anterior vaginal wall. Diagnosis was confirmed as vaginal vascular malformation on contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. The mass did not subside after delivery and patient developed dyspareunia. It was successfully treated by angioembolisation using polyvinyl alcohol particles. Angioembolisation being safe and effective should be the treatment of first choice for symptomatic vaginal vascular malformation.

Leiomyosarcoma of pancreas: imaging features.

Leiomysosarcoma of the pancreas is rare. Radiological findings of four patients with this condition were reviewed. CT scan appearances were those of a predominantly homogenous, large, solid, enhancing mass with few areas of necrosis. A cystic appearance with thickened and nodular enhancing walls was seen in one case. A constellation of imaging findings including large size at presentation, greater vascular enhancement and absence of biliary dilatation should suggest leiomyosarcoma.

Imaging and therapeutic interventions in hepatic tumours.

Ultrasonography with colour Doppler is the initial modality in the work-up of a suspected hepatic tumour. Dual phase spiral CT is the next investigation for characterisation and assessment about the anatomic extent. The combined use of CT and angiography (CTA and CTAP) is the most precise imaging technique but being an invasive method it is indicated to provide vascular mapping before surgery and for transarterial embolisation of unresectable tumours. MRI is indicated in evaluation of diffuse liver disease and sometimes as a problem solving modality in focal liver lesions. Angiography is performed mainly for therapeutic interventions and for preoperative embolisation of the tumour to reduce bleeding during surgery. Inoperable HCCs, vascular metastases and symptomatic hemangiomas can be well treated by various percutaneous and angiographic interventional techniques.