ABSTRACT
Introduction: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), though abenign disorder is highly prevalent and imposes high costand substantial morbidity upon general population. Longconsidered as functional disorder, IBS pathogenesis carries anorganic basis at least in a subset of patients. Altered intestinalimmune response and low grade intestinal inflammation havebeen confirmed as pathophysiology of IBS in few studies.Oxidative stress indicates that there is inflammation and,markers of oxidative stress may be developed as diagnostictool for IBS in future. Study aimed to evaluate oxidativestress in form of total oxidant status (TOS), total anti-oxidantstatus (TAS), oxidative stress index (OSI) and serum prolidaseactivity (SPA) as a marker of intestinal inflammation in IBSpatients and healthy controls.Material and methods: In this case –control study done ata teaching medical institute in north India over a period ofone year, 120 IBS patients (cases) and 40 healthy volunteers(controls) were evaluated for TOS, TAS, OSI and SPA.Patients with IBS were sub-divided into 3 groups (40 each):diarrhea predominant, constipation predominant and mixedtype (IBS-D, C and M respectively). Student t-test, chi-squaretest and ANOVA tests were used for statistical analysis.Results: Mean TOS, TOS/TAS (OSI) and prolidase levelswere significantly higher in IBS group than control with pvalue of <0.001,< 0.001, and <0.01 respectively. Level ofTOS was highest in IBS-D subgroup followed by IBS-M andLowest in IBS-C subgroup showing a significant differencebetween IBS-D and IBS-C, IBS-D and IBS-M and IBS-Mand IBS-C with p values <0.001 for each comparison. OSIwas highest in IBS-D and lowest in IBS-C with significantdifferences between the subgroups (P<0.001). Only IBS-Msubgroup had significantly higher serum prolidase activitywhen compared to controls (p<0.001) IBS-D (P=0.013) andIBS-C (P=0.01). TAS level was significantly higher in controls(P<0.001) than cases. There were significant differencesbetween all four subgroups (p<0.001) except between IBS-Cand IBS-M subgroups (P=0.294).Conclusion: This study observed that there is increasedoxidative stress and decreased antioxidant capacity in patientwith IBS. To support our results further prospective andrandomized controlled trials are necessary.
ABSTRACT
Background: Silver nanoparticles are toxic to bacteria and have widespread application in differentresearch areas.Objective: The aim of this study was to synthesize silver nanoparticles using an aqueous leaf extract ofCestrum nocturnum and to test its antioxidant and antibacterial activities.Materials and methods: The silver nanoparticles were synthesized by addition of 20 ml extract (8% w/v)with 180 ml silver nitrate solution (1 mM). The synthesis of silver nanoparticles was confirmed byUVeVis spectrophotometer. The silver nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffractometer,Transmission Electron Microscope, Scanning Electron Microscope and Fourier Transform Infra-Redspectroscopy. The antioxidant property of silver nanoparticles was analyzed by the 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical and superoxide radical scavenging methods. Thebacteriostatic and bactericidal activity of silver nanoparticles against Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, and Salmonella typhi was determined using bacterial growth inhibition method. The antibacterialsensitivity and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of silver nanoparticles was determined againstthe bacteria.Results: The results confirmed that the silver nanoparticles synthesized by C. nocturnum extract werecrystalline in nature, average particle size was 20 nm and were mostly spherical in shape. The antioxidant methods confirmed that the silver nanoparticles have more antioxidant activity as compared tovitamin C. The silver nanoparticles have strong antibacterial (maximum Vibrio cholerae and minimumE. faecalis) activity. The MIC value of silver nanoparticles was 16 mg/ml (Citrobacter), 4 mg/ml (E. faecalis),16 mg/ml (S. typhi), 8 mg/ml (E. coli), 8 mg/ml (Proteus vulgaris), and 16 mg/ml (V. cholerae).Conclusion: Green synthesized silver nanoparticles have strong antioxidant and antibacterial activity dueto the presence of bioactive molecules on the surface of silver nanoparticles.© 2018 Transdisciplinary University, Bangalore and World Ayurveda Foundation. Publishing Services byElsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
ABSTRACT
Background: Cardiovascular disease is rising day by day due to having high fat diet and due to genetic alterations. Materials & Methods: Study included 70 CVD patients and their peripheral blood samples were collected for genotyping by venipuncture under aseptic condition in EDTA vials (2ml) as well as in serum vials (3ml) for biochemical parameters. Genomic DNA extraction was done by phenol chloroform method from blood samples collected in EDTA vials from cases as well as controls for genotype study. Results: The difference of genotype between cases and controls was found to be significant (p=0.0003). Study observed that high percentage of GA 29 (41.4%) and AA 8 (11.4%) genotype was found in patients compared to controls GA 10 (20%) and AA 0 (0%) while lower GG 33 (47.2%) genotype in patients compared to control GG 40 (80%) genotype. Compared to the GG genotype, the OR 3.51 (1.49-8.25) and 20.55 (1.14-369.6) for the heterozygous GA and homozygous AA genotypes were estimated, suggesting a possible dominant effect of Apo B polymorphism on CVD risk. In smokers, compared to the GG genotype, the OR 2.19 (0.69-6.88) and 1.71 (0.29-9.87) for the heterozygous GA and homozygous AA genotypes. In alcoholism, compared to the GG genotype, the OR 2.66 (0.93-7.57) and 8.4 (0.92-76.19) for the heterozygous GA and homozygous AA genotypes. Patients with mutant homozygous AA, heterozygous GA genotypes showed 123.3+14.34 (mg/dl) and 76.92+24.09 Apo B level in CVD patients compared to wild type GG homozygous genotypes were 70.82+17.12. Conclusion: It was observed that Apo B gene polymorphism and smoking behaviour found to be associated with increased risk of CVD in Indian population.