ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: To describe the clinical and immunologic characteristics of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1)-infected children surviving to more than eight-years of age (long-survivors) before the introduction of antiretroviral therapy. METHODS: This report is based on all the long-term survivors from a prospective cohort of HIV-infected children born to HIV-positive women in Barbados during 1986-1995. Infants born to HIV-infected women were enrolled into this cohort at birth or at the time of diagnosis of HIV exposure in the postnatal period and followed-up at regular intervals. RESULTS: From a cohort of 44 HIV-infected children, 17 (38.6%) children survived to the age of eight years and beyond and were classified as long-term survivors. Median age of the sixteen long-term surviving children alive at the time of this report was 12 years (age range 8 - 16.7 years). At the age of 8 years, 17.6% of these children remained asymptomatic. Nine (52.9%) children had no immunodeficiency (CD4 counts >500 cells x 10(6)/L). Of the 16 long-term surviving children who were alive and had a median follow-up of 4.1 years (range 0.1 year to 8.5 years) after their eighth birthday, 37.5% had a CD4 cell count greater than 500 cells x 10(6)/L and had either no symptoms or only mild symptoms of HIV infection and were therefore categorized as the long-term non-progressors. CONCLUSIONS: In a small cohort of HIV-infected children, in the absence of antiretroviral therapy, only about one-third survived beyond eight years of age. On further follow-up of these long-term surviving children, over one-third had a slow rate of disease progression
OBJETIVOS: Describir las características clínicas e inmunológicas de niños infectados por el VIH-1, que lograron sobrevivir hasta más de ocho años de edad (sobrevivientes a lago plazo) antes de la introducción de terapia antiretroviral. MÉTODOS: Este informe se basa en todos los sobrevivientes a largo plazo de una cohorte prospectiva de niños infectados por el VIH nacidos de mujeres VIH positivas en Barbados, durante los años 1986-1995. Los niños nacidos de mujeres infectadas por el VIH fueron enrolados en esta cohorte al nacer o en el momento de diagnóstico de exposición al VIH en el periodo postnatal, y seguidos a intervalos regulares. RESULTADOS: De una cohorte de 44 niños infectados por el VIH, 17 niños (38.6%) sobrevivieron hasta los ocho años de edad y más, clasificándoseles por ende como sobrevivientes a largo plazo. La edad media de los 16 niños sobrevivientes a largo plazo, aún vivos en el momento en que se hace este informe, fue de 12 años (rango de edad 8 16.7 años). A la edad de 8 años, el 17.6% de estos niños permanecían asintomáticos. Nueve de los niños (52.9%) no tenían inmunodeficiencia (conteos CD4 >500 células x 106/L). De los 16 niños sobrevivientes a largo plazo que estaban vivos y tuvieron un seguimiento de 4.1 años (en un rango de 0.1 año a 8.5 años) después de su octavo cumpleaños, 37.5% tuvo un conteo CD4 mayor de 500 células x 106/L, y bien no presentaban síntoma alguno de infección de VIH o se trataba sólo de síntomas leves, por lo cual fueron categorizados como no progresores de largo plazo. CONCLUSIONES: En una pequeña cohorte de niños infectados por el VIH, en ausencia de la terapia del antiretroviral, sólo aproximadamente un tercio logró sobrevivir más allá de ocho años de edad. Un seguimiento posterior de estos últimos niños sobrevivientes a largo plazo, mostró que más de un tercio presentaba un ritmo lento de progresión de la enfermedad
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adolescent , HIV Infections/mortality , HIV-1 , Disease Progression , Barbados/epidemiology , Prospective Studies , Follow-Up Studies , Survival RateABSTRACT
Leptospirosis is relatively uncommon in children. Two cases of severe leptospirosis occurred in teenaged boys who shared a common exposure via immersion in fresh water. While both patients had laboratory-confirmed leptospirosis, their symptoms differed in many respects.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Child , Humans , Male , Leptospirosis , Swimming , Penicillins , Ampicillin , Leptospirosis , Fresh Water , Diagnosis, Differential , Severity of Illness Index , Water Microbiology , Disease Outbreaks/statistics & numerical data , Serologic TestsABSTRACT
Details of a bed utilisation study of 1,654 paediatric medical ward admissisons to the Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Barbados, during 1983 ara analysed. Forty-one per cent of admissisons had a respiratory problem, 14% had infections diseases, 9% central nervous system conditions, and 36% had diseases of other systems. Analysis of hospital stay revealed that 20% of patients spent less than 24 hours and these mostly for bronchial astma (31%), repiratory tract infections (15%), and gastroenteritis (10%). Most long-stay patients had either congenital heart disease (12%), social problems (11%) or diabetes mellitus (10%).. We recommend that the establishment of a short-stay unit could eliminate 20% of admissions, spent less than 24hours. A further 21% (poisoning and gastroenteritis) could be significantly reduced with good health education