ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To determine the characteristics and trends of diabetes mortality among the Puerto Rican population from 1980 through 1997. METHODS: Death certificates for Puerto Rican residents whose underlying cause of death was diabetes mellitus (ICD-9-250.0) were reviewed, and sociodemographic information was abstracted. The proportion mortality ratio (PMR) and 95 confidence intervals were calculated by gender, age group, educational level and period of time. Trend analysis in mortality was performed using a Poisson regression model. RESULTS: A total of 26,193 deaths (5.8) were primarily attributed to diabetes mellitus in the study period. Females accounted for 55.8 of all diabetes related deaths. Diabetes accounted for a higher proportion of deaths among persons aged 60-64 years (8.14), persons aged 65-74 (8.12), females (7.73) and those with 1-6 years of education (7.08). The PMR steadily increased from 4.55 in the 1980-85 period to 6.91 in the 1992-97 period. There was a higher mortality in male diabetic subjects aged < or = 64 than in females during the 18 year period. Between 1980 and 1991, females aged 65-74 had a higher mortality than males, however, mortality increased in males of the same age group during 1992-97. When the oldest age group (> or = 75) was examined, males had a higher mortality between 1986 and 1997, whereas females had a slightly higher rate between 1980 and 1985. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that diabetes mortality has been markedly increasing in the Puerto Rican population, primarily in persons aged 65 years or more. Further analysis is needed to evaluate the determinants of mortality in diabetes.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Diabetes Mellitus , Age Distribution , Aged, 80 and over , Cause of Death , Confidence Intervals , Educational Status , Puerto Rico , Sex DistributionABSTRACT
Any investigation in the health sciences should have a plan or proposal to answer a specific research question. This document, designed for persons preparing for or already pursuing a research project, describes the conceptual framework related with a research proposal, from the study design until its implementation. The objective of this document is to summarize different theoretical aspects that should be considered in a research project, including pertinent references that might be used to deepen the discussion. First, a series of definitions related to the scientific method are presented and then the processes to carry out a research proposal including common epidemiologic designs are illustrated. In addition, a series of research questions that can serve as a guide to perform a critical analysis of published papers are included. Finally, an interdisciplinary group integrated by health professionals with the clinical expertise and health professionals with the necessary skills in biostatistics and epidemiology to undertake a sound scientific research is recommended.