ABSTRACT
Este estudio describe el impacto que tiene la violencia política en el juego de los niños y niñas Mapuche entre 5 y 12 años, que hayan presenciado, al menos, un allanamiento en la comunidad donde residen. La metodología aplicada corresponde a un estudio cualitativo, orientado desde un enfoque fenomenológico de tipo exploratorio y un paradigma interpretativo. Como instrumento, se aplicó entrevistas semi-estructurada, cuyos ejes fueron: Ambiente, Violencia Política y Juego. Los principales resultados obtenidos, indican que el tipo de juego predominante es de tipo violento, cuyo propósito corresponde a una preparación para el "enfrentamiento" con instituciones policiales, más que hacia el placer mismo de jugar. A modo de conclusión, se plantea que Terapia Ocupacional debe abordar y tener un rol activo dentro de éstas problemáticas sociales, que permita el análisis de este campo, y en materia de igualdad y derecho, involucren causas a favor de los derechos humanos, en este caso, del niño o la niña.
This study describes the impact of political violence in the game playing of Mapuche children of 5 to 12 years old, who have experienced, at least, one police raid in their local communities. The methodology consists in a qualitative study from a phenomenological explorative approach and an interpretive paradigm. As research instrument, semi structured interviews were applied, with the following axis: Environment, Political Violence and Game Playing. The main results show that the predominant type of game playing is violent, which function is to be prepared for the confrontation to police institutions, rather than the pleasure of playing itself. As a conclusion, it is stated that Occupational Therapy should be active about social issues, in order to analyze this field, and matters of equality and rights that involve causes in favor of human rights of children.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child, Preschool , Child , Play and Playthings , Violence , Occupational Therapy , Indigenous Peoples , Politics , Chile , Interviews as TopicABSTRACT
Background: The prevalence of thyroid cancer has increased, particularly in nodules smaller than 10 mm, probably due to the growing use of routine thyroid ultrasound. There is controversy about the biological behavior of micro carcinomas and the relevance of their early detection. Aim: To characterize the clinical presentation of thyroid cancer over 20 years in an University medical center and to evaluate the differences between macro and micro carcinomas. Patients and Methods: We reviewed 1547 surgical biopsy records of thyroid cancer in our institution obtained between 1991 and 2010. Results: We observed a sustained increase in the rate of thyroidectomies for thyroid cancer (per 1000 surgical procedures) in the study period. Papillary, follicular, mixed, medullary and anaplastic carcinomas were observed in 95, 3, 2, 0.5 and 0.1% of biopsies, respectively. The incidence of tumors of less than 10 mm (micro carcinoma) also increased. Those findings were associated with a significant decrease in tumor aggressiveness, determined by a low frequency of surgical margin involvement of thyroid capsule, perithyroid tissue invasion, vascular permeation and lymph node metastases. Conclusions: The increased prevalence of thyroid cancer, especially of micro carcinomas, may reflect the greater use of diagnostic ultrasound or represent a real change in the biological behavior of this disease and our data suggest that further studies are needed to know the impact of early treatment in the outcome of those patients because of the real less histologic agressiveness of micro carcinomas.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Carcinoma, Papillary/epidemiology , Thyroid Neoplasms/epidemiology , Carcinoma, Papillary/diagnosis , Carcinoma, Papillary/surgery , Chile/epidemiology , Incidence , Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/diagnosis , Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/epidemiology , Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/surgery , Prevalence , Thyroid Gland/pathology , Thyroid Gland/surgery , Thyroid Neoplasms/diagnosis , Thyroid Neoplasms/surgery , Thyroidectomy , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
La irritación crónica de la mucosa de los divertículos faringoesfágicos puede conducir a la displasia y a la degeneración neoplásica pero es un hecho raro de ver. Se presenta el caso de un paciente de 62 años con un divertículo de Zencker con cuatro años de sintomalogía al que en el estudio se le detecta un carcinoma epidermoide del fondo. Fue operado mediante una simple diverticulectomía, encontrándose una lesión intramural pequeña y sin adenopatías (estadio IIA) de bajo grado (G2)