AN ANALYSIS OF VARIATIONS OF THE BRONCHO-VASCULAR PATTERNS OF THE RIGHT MIDDLE LOBE IN FIFTY CHINESE LUNGS / 解剖学报

The middle lobe of the right lungs of 50 Chinese adults were dissected. Their shape, broncho-vascular pattern and interrelationship were studied. A superior angle, hitherto not mentioned in the literature, was identified in 76% of the specimens. In the lungs studied, 84% of the bronchus of the middle lobe bifurcated into a lateral and a medial segmental bronchus, 12% bifurcated into a superior and an inferior segmental bronchus, and in 4% trifurcated into three bronchi. Surface representation of the segmental bronchi of the right middle lobes was examined. The arterial supply of the middle lobe varied from one to three branches. 76% of the cases were supplied by two arteries. The arterial patterns of the middle lobe have been grouped into four types. The middle lobe was usually drained by one to four veins, 56% of the specimens being with only one vein. According to the tributaries of the veins, four types of venous pattern were recognized, most of them (80%) being emptied into the superior pulmonary vein. In 80% of our specimens, an intersegmental vein has been identified. There are only 24% of our specimens in which the vascular pattern was in accordance with that of the bronchial tree.

OBSERVATIONS ON THE DEEP AND CIRCUMFLEX FEMORAL ARTERIES IN CHINESE / 解剖学报

The mode of branches of the deep femoral artery on 400 (298 males, 182 females)Chinese lower limbs were observed. According to the origin of the branches of the deepfemoral artery, it could be classified into six types. Among them, type I (63.5%) wasfound to be the prevailing pattern. There were no statistical differences present between the male and female, right andleft. The racial differences were not found between Chinese and Japanese, but it wassignificant between Chinese and European in type Ⅰ and Ⅱ. Most of the deep femoral arteries (type Ⅰ) were found to be originated from thefemoral artery at the place of 3.38 cm in male and 2.49 cm in female from the inguinalligment. The calibers of the beginning of the femoral and deep femoral arteries in 100 caseswere measured, the diameter of the femoral artery was 0.95 cm, and of the deep femoralwas 0.71 cm. The relationship of the ascending and descending branches of the lateral femoral circumflex artery with the nerve saphenous and nerve to the M. vastus medialis wereexamined. The level of the great saphenous vein ends into the femoral vein was found lowerthan the level of the origin of the deep femoral artery in our specimens, it was not thesame as text-book described.

AN ANALYSIS OF THE BRONCHOVASCULAR PATTERN OF THE LEFT LOWER LOBE IN FIFTY LUNGS OF THE CHINESE / 解剖学报

The distribution and arrangement of the segmental bronchi and blood vessels of the left lower lobe have been studied in fifty Chinese adult cadavers by the same methods as we did in the other four lobes.The bronchus of the left lower lobe usually divided into four segmental bronchi,namely the apical (B~6), the antero-medial basal (B~(7+8)), lateral basal (B~9), and the posterior basal (B~(10)). Occasionally, an extra one, the subapical bronchus (B~*), has been identified in 14% of the specimens in this series.The prevailing pattern (48%) of the branching of the apical bronchus is a bifurcation having the formula "B~6b, B~6a+c". The basal trunk bronchus frequently divides into two stems--commonly B~(7+8) and B~(9+10) (60%). The status of the medial basal bronchus in the left lower lobe has been discussed.Same reason as we have discussed in the bronchial pattern of the right lower lobe, the BX~*(9) and BX~*(10) of the lower lobe should be considered as a posterior ramus of B~9 and B~(10) respectively. The posterior ramus of the lateral basal bronchus (B~9c) has been found in 64% of the specimens, and that of the posterior basal (B~(10)c) in 88%. The distributive extents of the basal segmental bronchus of the left lower lobe, seems to present a tendency of more or less counterclockwise rotation, in contrast with the right lower lobe.In one-fourth of thespecimens, the mode of the branching of the basal artery ismuch more complicated than that of the basal ronchus. The prevailing pattern of thebranches of the apical segmental artery corresponds to the bronchial pattern having theformula "A~6b, A~6a+c" (30%). Similar to the basal trunk, A~(7+8) and A~(9+10) are the chiefpatterns (34%) of the branching of the basal artery. The subapical arteries (A~*) arefound in 14%; it may originate from the lateral basal artery (6%) or the posteriorbasal artery of the superior ramus of the anterior-basal subsegmental artery. Of specialinterest are the two specimens in which A~(10) is displaced upward and arises in commonwith A~6. Such an arrangement is clinically significant.The veins of the left lower lobe coincide with those of the other four lobes, mostof them are located between segments or subsegments. The venous pattern of the leftlower lobe resembles that of the right lower lobe, the left pulmonary vein received V~6and the common basal vein. The common basal veins receives two main tributaries, thesuperior and the inferior basal vein. The former is commonly formed by V~(7+8)a+V~9 and the latter by V~(10). Such instance is present in 36% of the specimens.

AN ANALYSIS OF THE VARIATIONS OF THE BRONCHOVASCULAR PATTERNS OF THE LEFT UPPER LOBE IN FIFTY CHINESE LUNGS / 解剖学报

The origin,arrangement and distribution of the segmental bronchi,arteries and veins of the left upper lobe of lungs have been studied in 50 adult cadavers. The prevailing picture of the bronchi,seen in 96% of the specimens,is the bifurcated type.The superior trunks of the left upper bronchi are mostly found to be divided into an apico-posterior and an anterior segmental bronchi.The patterns of the apico-posterior segmental bronchi,seen in 68% of the specimens,are found to be B~(1+3)a and B~(1+3)b. Many of the anterior segmental bronchi,occuried in about 48%,are usually found to be splitted;and these splittings look much like to be the results of shifting of B~2a.How- ever little variations are found in the lingular trunk and its two segments. The arteries supplying the left upper lobe vary in numbers from 2 to 6;but mostly 3 or 4 branches are seen and this occurs in about 82%.The first branch of them usually goes to the anterior segment,but sometimes it may go to both the anterior and the apico-posterior segments (all together in 76%).Nearly 60% of arteries supplying the anterior segment arise from the anterior part,and about 40% of them from both the anterior and the posterior parts.The majority of arteries,nearly 80%,supplying the lingular segment,arises from the posterior part;10% from the anterior;and another 10% from both the anterior and posterior parts.The level of origin of these lingular segmental arteries is usually lower than or the same as that of the apical segmental ar- teries.All together,80% are found.A great number of arteries passing through the different segments in the left upper lobe have also been recognized in 94% of the cadavers. The veins draining from the left upper lobe usually form 3 trunks,occuring in about 60%.The common picture of the apico-posterior segmental veins are found be- longing to type Ⅱ(48%). In short,many variations are found in the arteries,less so in the veins and only a few in the bronchi of the left upper lobe.As to the number,arrangement,and more distributions of the branches of the arteries,veins and bronchi,variations are seen in the apico-posterior segment,less in the anterior segment and few in the lingular seg- ment.

OBSERVATION OF THE SUPERIOR MESENTERIC ARTERY IN CHINESE ADULTS / 解剖学报

The origin, branching and distribution of the superior mesenteric artery were observed on 100 Chinese adult cadavers. The average level of the origin of the superior mesenteric artery lay on the middle third of the body of the first lumbar vertebra. The distance between the origins of the superior mesenteric artery and the coeliac artery and the diameter of the superior mesenteric artery were measured. The superior mesenteric artery usually gave off two (47％) or three (39％) colic branches. The relationships of the origin of each colic branch, originating directly from the superior mesenteric artery, to the third part of duodenum or the head of pancreas and also to the origins of the intestinal arteries were observed. The extent of distribution of each colic branch was estimated. Most of the superior mesenteric arteries (82％) did not distribute so far as the left colic flexure. The pattern of branching of the ileocolic artery may be divided into four types. The symmetrical and ansal types were the prevailing types, they were present in 45.26％ and 42.11％ respectively. Nearly half of the appendicular arteries (45.56％) arose from the ileocolic artery, about 34.44％ appendicular arteries arose from the ileocolic ansa. Usually the appendicular artery was the first branch of the ileocolic trunk. The superior mesenteric artery gave off 15.9 intestinal branches in average. In 76％ cases, the inferior pancreatic-duodenal artery and the first intestinal artery originated from a common trunk and this trunk usually arose from the posterior aspect of the superior mesenteric artery. We found that in 13 cases the superior mesenteric artery gave off common hepatic artery or right hepatic artery.

ARTERIES OF THE ARM AND THE FOREARM / 解剖学报

1. Arterial trunk: Based on the developmental variations, the arm arterial trunksmay be divided into double trunk, single trunk and transitional patterns. The single trunkpattern appears in 87. 06% of 340 sides. The superficial brachial artery is present in28.53%, among which 2.177% of them divide into radial and ulnar arteries in the fore-arm. The superficial radial artery is only present in both arms of 1 body in 170 cases.In 3.74% of 374 sides the median artery extends into the palm. The caliber ofthe arterial trunk in the forearm diminishes from the elbow to the wrist At the elbowthe caliber of the ulnar artery is larger than that of the radial artery and vice versa atthe wrist. 2. Arterial branches: The brachial profundal artery and the superior ulnar col-lateral artery originate directly from the axillary or brachial artery in 47.88% of 330sides. The mean distance between the origin of the inferior ulnar collateral artery andthe bifurcation of the brachial artery is 6.94 cm. in 224 sides. The origins of the recur-rent ulnar artery and the interossous artery stand side by side. The anterior and posteriorulnar recurrent arteries originate separately from the ulnar artery in 18.67% of 225sides. The common interosseous artery is present in 85.15% of 330 sides, among whichthe recurrent interosseous artery originating from the common or posterior interosseousartery in 43.94% and 41.21% respectively.