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OBJECTIVE@#To study the level of neuropsychological development in late preterm infants and early term infants at the age of 1 year.@*METHODS@#A total of 1 257 children with a corrected age of 1 year were enrolled as subjects. According to gestational age at birth, they were divided into an early preterm group (28-33 weeks), a late preterm group (34-36 weeks), an early term group (37-38 weeks), and a full-term group (39-41 weeks). Gesell Developmental Schedules were used to assess the neuropsychological development of the children, and the groups were compared in terms of neuropsychological development at the age of 1 year.@*RESULTS@#There were significant differences in the developmental quotients of the five functional areas (adaptability, gross motor, fine motor, language and social ability) between the four groups at the age of 1 year (P<0.05), and the full-term infants had the highest development quotients, followed by the early term infants, the late preterm infants, and the early preterm infants (P<0.05). The full-term infants had the lowest rate of developmental delay in each functional area, while the early preterm infants had the highest rate (P<0.05). Compared with the full-term infants, the early term infants had a higher risk of developmental delay in adaptability (OR=1.796, P<0.05), and the late preterm infants had a higher risk of developmental delay in adaptability (OR=2.651, P<0.05) and fine motor (OR=2.679, P<0.05), while the early preterm infants had a higher risk of developmental delay in adaptability (OR=4.069, P<0.05), fine motor (OR=3.710, P<0.05), and social ability (OR=3.515, P<0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#The risk of neuropsychological developmental delay decreases with the increase in gestational age in children at the age of 1 year, with a dose-response effect. There are varying degrees of developmental delay in early term infants and late preterm infants, and health care follow-up for early term infants and late preterm infants should be taken seriously.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Pregnancy , Child Development , Follow-Up Studies , Gestational Age , Infant, Premature , Premature BirthABSTRACT
The isotopic fingerprints of plutonium are extremely important for nuclear safeguards and nuclear forensics. An analytical method was developed for direct determination of 240 Pu / 239 Pu ratio in plutonium-containing particles by laser ablation multiple collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry ( LA-MC-ICP-MS). The risk of ablated particles leakage was reduced by leak detection, exhaust hood, and swiping the laser cell. Scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS) was used to measure the effect of ablation parameters on the size distribution of ablated particles. The results showed that the majority of ablation material presented as particles from 40 -500 nm and the sweep time after laser ablation should be longer than 15 min. The particle size was evaluated to guide LA-MC-ICP-MS system. By using external normalization method for correction of the mass fractionation correction factor and ion counter efficiencies measured by nebulizer-coupled MC-ICP-MS, a LA-MC-ICP-MS method was established for analysis of 239 Pu / 240 Pu ratio in plutonium particles. Spot size, ablation rate and laser dwell time were set at 30 μm, 5 Hz and 5 s, respectively. Laser energy density was controlled to ensure that the intensities of 239 Pu for plutonium-containing particles were about 2×104 cps and 2×105 cps, respectively. The analytical results showed that the relative uncertainties for 239 Pu / 240 Pu was less than 1. 4% ( n = 6), and the measured value deviated by less than 4. 7% from the reference value. The time for adjusting system and determining 239 Pu / 240 Pu ratio in single plutonium particle was 9 h and 0. 5 h, respectively. The results demonstrated that this technique was rapid, precise and accurate, and could be used for determination of 239 Pu / 240 Pu in plutonium-containing particles.
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Objective To study the trend of accidental death among children under 5 years of age.Methods A survey on accidental death among children was performed in Guangzhou to compare the data from the national monitoring program on the deaths under five in the same period during 2001-2010.Data on mortality and causes of injures were adjusted by missing reports.Results Mortality rates on injuries were decreasing annually from 2001 to 2010.Comparing with 2001,the magnitude of the drop in mortality among the 0,1-4 and under 5 year groups were 72.02％,77.17％ and 74.66％ respectively,with statistically significant differences (P＝0.000).During the 10 years of observation,data showed a dropping trend (P＝0.000) of the mortalitics on drowning,traffic accident,suffocation and falling,especially on drowning and suffocation.The main causes of death were suffocation in the 0 year group,drowning in the 1-2-year group,traffic accident and poisoning in the 3-year group,traffic accident and falling in the 4-year group.The accidental deaths happened in ‘C area’ which including Huadu,Conghua,Zengcheng,Panyu and Nansha,with the total proportion of accidental death in Guangzhou as 75.69％.Conclusion The mortality of accidental deaths among children under 5 years of age in Guangzhou had been decreasing during 2001-2010,mainly owing to the practice of intervention programs on drowning and suffocation,suggesting the necessity of integrating the health education programs on accidental injury with the healthcare management system in children in the country,focusing on the suburban and county levels where economy was relatively undeveloped or with more floating population.
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Objective To understand the pravelence and distribution of unintentional injuries in children under age 7 in Guangzhou. Methods Data was descriptively analyzed from the Guangzhou Unintentional Injuries Surveillance System among 470 770 children under age 7 living scatterly or collectively. Results The incidence rates of unintentional injuries among children in Guangzhou was 1.48%, among which the incidence rates were: living scatterly as 1.11% living collectively as 1.66%, living in urban areas as 1.36% in rural as 2.52%. In order, the proportion of main causes of children's unintentional injuries were as follows: falls (70.54%), animal injuries (8.48%), burn and scald (5.75%), blunt force injuries (3.92%) , and road traffic injuries (RTIs) (3.48%). The main body parts being injured were head and face (60.00%) , wrist and hand (15.48%), knee and leg (11.70%), elbow and forearm (4.54%), shoulder and arm (2.99%). The degrees of children's unintentional injuries were as follows: mild impairment (85.35%), moderate impairment (9.12%) , and severe impairment (0.57%). Places that the patients went were as follows: hospital outpatient department or emergency room (49.66%), inpatient department or ICU (2.06%), home and kindergarten (43.34%). Conclusion The overall incidence rate of children' s unintentional injuries under age 7 in Guangzhou was 1.48%, with main causes as fall, animal injuries,burn and scald, blunt force injuries, and RTIs. There were considerable differences of characteristics and distributions on age and areas among the patients.