ABSTRACT
Objective: To compare the effects of general anaesthesia and spinal anaesthesia on APGAR SCORES in neonates born to full term elective cesarean sections
Design: Randomized prospective study.
Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out at Abbasi Shaheed Hospital from March 2009 to July 2009
Material and Methods: The study was performed on 60 healthy full term patients lying in American Society of Anaesthesiologist-1 category presenting for elective lower segment cesarean section. Thirty patients were given general anaesthesia and other 30 patients received spinal anaesthesia. The Apgar scores were recorded at 1 minute and 5 minutes interval after each delivery
Results: Patients undergoing general anesthesia, who had short time interval between induction of anaesthesia and delivery, gave birth to neonates having Apgar Score >/=7 at 5 minutes interval and there was less difference in the effects of general and spinal anaesthesia on the Apgar Score of such neonates
Conclusion: There was no significant difference between the effects of general anaesthesia and spinal anaesthesia on Apgar score of neonates at 5 minutes interval after birth, born after full term elective cesarean section
ABSTRACT
To isolate causative organisms of pneumonia in children between 2 months to 5 years and to determine the sensitivity pattern of these organisms. It was an observational study in children presented with fever,cough or difficulty in breathing in outpatient department or emergency room of pediatrics department of Abbasi Shaheed Hospital, Karachi. The study was carried out in the department of Paediatric, Karachi Medical and Dental College and Abbasi Shaheed Hospital over a period of ten months [17 -01-08 to 15-11- 08]. Children between 2 months to 5 years, who present at outpatients department or in emergency room with complaint of fever, cough or/and difficulty in breathing were included in study. 100 cases of pneumonia fulfill WHO criteria who visited out patients and in emergency room during this period were enrolled in the study. The diagnosis is made by observing respiratory rate more than 50 per minute if the child was 2 months to 12 months and 40 per minute or more if the child was 12 months to 5 years of age. A nasopharyngeal swab was taken from each child for culture and sensitivity pattern. The idea behind choosing this site is that, obtaining nasopharyngeal swab is very simple, safe and without the risk of any serious complications. Majority of pneumonia cases are occurring under two years of age [85%] and maximum number of pneumonia cases are occurring under 1 year [54%]. Sex distribution of pneumonia cases of the study showing that out of 100 cases of pneumonia 60 were males and 40 were females. A male to female ratio of 3:2. Two most common pathogens i.e. S.pneumoniae [60%] and H.influenzae[25%] are mainly responsible for childhood pneumonia and these organisms are well covered with the first line antibiotics recommended by WHO ARI programme for out patient treatment of pneumonia i.e. co-trimoxazole, amoxycillin and ampicillin Streptoccocus pneumonia is sensitive to amoxicillin 98%,co-trimoxazole 80% and ampicilln 98% while sensitivity of H. influenza with amoxicillin, co-trimoxazole and ampicilin is 91%, 91% and 100% respectively. The organisms isolated in this study and their sensitivity pattern shows that two most common pathogens of pneumonia are S.pneumoniae and H.influenzae and these organisms are well covered with the first line antibiotics recommended by WHO ARI programme for out patient treatment of pneumonia i.e. co-trimoxazole, amoxicillin and ampicillin