ABSTRACT
Objective@#To understand the epidemiological characteristics of foodborne disease outbreaks in schools in Zhejiang province, and to provide evidence for effective prevention and control of foodborne disease outbreaks in schools.@*Methods@#A descriptive analysis was conducted on foodborne disease outbreaks in Zhejiang schools reported by the national foodborne disease outbreaks surveillance system from 2010 to 2019.@*Results@#During the past 10 years, a total of 86 foodborne disease outbreaks in schools were reported, with 1 755 illnesses, 240 hospitalizations, and no deaths. Pathogenic bacteria and their toxins were the main causes of foodborne disease outbreaks in schools, accounting for 83.0%(44/53) of all identified causes. The top four types of pathogenic bacteria were Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella, diarrheagenic Escherichia coli, and Bacillus cereus. Meat products and mixed foods were the main foods that caused the outbreaks, each accounting for 16.3%(14/86) of total incidents. High school cafeterias were places with the highest incidence, accounting for 38.4%(33/86) of the total. School concession stands caused the largest number of hospitalizations, accounting for 37.1%(89/240) of the total. The peak month of foodborne disease outbreaks in schools was September, followed by June, May, and October. Crosscontamination and improper storage were the main causes of foodborne disease outbreaks in schools.@*Conclusion@#Bacterial foodborne disease is a major food safety issue in schools in Zhejiang Province. In summer and fall, school cafeterias and food stores should take effective measures to prevent bacterial foodborne disease outbreaks caused by cross-contamination and improper storage of high-risk foods such as meat products and cold-processed bakeries.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To establish an HPLC method combined with pulsed amperometric detection for the analysis of ribostamycin sulfate and related substance. METHODS: The HPLC was performed on Thermo AcclaimTMAmG C18 column (4.6 mm×150 mm,3 μm). The mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile and 0.2%(V/V) pentafluoropropionic acid aqueous solution containing 0.15%(V/V) trifluoroacetic acid (1∶99, V/V). The pH of the aqueous solution was adjusted to 1.5 with 50%(m/m) sodium hydroxide solution. The pulsed amperometricdetector was operated with aquadruple-potential wave form at 35 ℃ and the injection volume was 25 μL. RESULTS: Ribostamycin and its related substances were adequately separated under the established HPLC conditions. The LOD and LOQ of ribostamycin were 0.15 μg•mL-1(3.75 ng injected) and 0.375 μg•mL-1(9.38 ng injected), respectively. The linearity of ribostamycin ranged from 0.15 to 40.0 μg•mL-1 with a correlation coefficient of 0.999 3.The repeatability RSDs(n=6)for method validation of the content assay and total impurities test were 0.33% and 1.10%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The established method is characterized by high specificity, sensitivity and good stability. The established method has much lower test cost than the current Ch.P 2015 method and is hopeful to replace it.
ABSTRACT
Objective@#To understand effects of timing and duration of separation experiences from parents on emotion regulation of left-behind preschoolers,and to provide the reference for phychological instruction and intervention among the special groups of children.@*Methods@#Children’s emotion regulation strategy and the relevant information among 1 373 left-behind preschool children from Funan county in Fuyang.Qianshan county in Anqing,Changfeng county and Fexi county inFeixi were investigated.@*Results@#Children with left-behind experiences younger than 18 months old tend to use less cognitive restructuring (P=0.03) and alternative action strategies (P=0.00) than non-left behind children. Children separated from father less than 47 months (median) and 36 months (median) from mother tend to use less cognitive restructuring (P=0.00) and alternative action strategies (P=0.00) than non-left behind children.@*Conclusion@#Separation experiences from parents younger than 18 months old exert severe damage on children’s emotional regulation. With the duration of separation increases, children show resilience of emotion regulation, which might be a protective factor for negative emotion due to parent-child separation.