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Background: Helicobacter pylori infection is widely prevalent in the world especially in the developing countries. The common clinical presentation of this disease includes peptic and duodenal ulcer. A major post-infection complication of this disease is gastric carcinoma. The scope of this study was to determine the prevalence of active H. pylori infection in the local population by retrospective review of patient records, which can give a better picture of the current situation and estimate the at-risk population of gastric carcinoma. Objective of the study was to determine the prevalence of H. pylori infection in biopsy specimens obtained from upper gastrointestinal endoscopy performed in dyspeptic patients in a tertiary-care hospital.Methods: The study was performed as a retrospective review of biopsy reports of 262 dyspeptic patients with previously unknown H. pylori status who underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy during the months of January 2018 to May 2018. Biopsy obtained from stomach was evaluated for the presence of H. pylori infection by Rapid Urease Test (RUT) or histopathological examination.Results: The prevalence of H. pylori infection in dyspeptic patients obtained from the above study was 44.7% and was found to be more common in males compared to females.Conclusions: H. pylori is a risk factor for gastric carcinoma. Determining the prevalence with early identification of active infections results in better treatment and post infection monitoring for malignancy.
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Introduction: Gastric carcinoma is an aggressive malignancy with non-specific early symptoms. It is the second most commoncause of cancer-related deaths in the world.Materials and Methods: All cases of gastric carcinomas aged <40 years presented at Sri Ramachandra Institute of HigherEducation and Research from January 2016 to December 2019 were included in this study. The presenting symptoms andoutcome were collected from medical records. Pathology reports of the included cases were retrieved and associated factorswere analyzed.Results: Out of the 177 known cases of gastric carcinoma, 17 were under the age of 40 (9.6%), out of which, 10 (58.8%)were female and 7 (41.7%) were male. The number of males was higher in the patients >40 years. Fourteen cases (82.3%)were between 30 and 40 years. Three cases (17.6%) were between 20 and 30 years of age. Helicobacter pylori associatedgastritis was seen in 6 cases (35.2%). Out of the 17 cases (41.1%), 7 were poorly differentiated. The distal stomach was thesite of the tumor in 15 cases (88.2%), 2 cases were present in the gastroesophageal junction. The most common presentingcomplaints of these patients were abdominal pain, abdominal distension, vomiting associated with food intake, and constipation,with the duration of these symptoms being 1–6 months. Two patients (11.7%) had a positive family history. Three patients(17.6%) had a positive history of substance abuse. Five patients reported a history of loss of weight and appetite. One patienthad metastasis to the liver, one to the liver, bone, and lungs, and one to the liver and esophagus. Ten patients (58.8%) weretreated with gastrectomy (subtotal/distal/partial) and two patients with esophageal gastrectomy. Most of the patients were givenchemotherapy and one was given palliative chemotherapy and radiotherapy.Conclusion: Tumors rarely occur in the young, hence malignancy is not suspected and diagnosis is delayed. This leads to ahigher mortality rate as patients present with advanced stage of the disease. This study highlighted the “shift in trend” of incidenceof gastric carcinomas in younger age group. Screening and early diagnosis and treatment are essential for young patients.
ABSTRACT
A pancreatic acinar variant of gastric adenocarcinoma is a very rare presentation, and only six cases have been reported worldwide.A 55-year-old male came with complaints of vomiting and weight loss. By PET-CT, a growth was found in the gastric antrum.Distal gastrectomy was done and a histopathology report of a pancreatic acinar variant of gastric adenocarcinoma was done.
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Urothelial carcinoma with divergent differentiation is a variant of urothelial carcinoma and it is being increasingly recognizedwith the increase in awareness and advancement of immunohistochemistry. It is important to quantify the degrees of eachdifferentiation for the prognosis and treatment of the patient. Here, we present a unique case of urothelial carcinoma of urinarybladder with divergent differentiation showing urothelial, squamous, papillary, and glandular differentiation.
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Background: The gingiva has been shown to be a target tissue for several hormones. Insulin induces uptake of glucose in the peripheral tissues by upregulating the Glucose transporter 4 expression. Little information is available on the expression of Glucose transporter 4 in human gingiva. Aim: In this regard, a pilot study was performed with the aim of determining the distribution pattern of Glucose transporter 4 in healthy human gingiva. Materials and Methods: Immuno-histochemistry was performed on 10 mounted sections of healthy human gingiva with the primary antibody Glucose Transporter 4 (GLUT 4). Appropriate positive and negative controls were used. Results: Glucose transporter 4 expression was observed in the basal and suprabasal layers of the gingival epithelium and fibroblasts of the gingival connective tissue. Conclusion: This may be the first study to demonstrate the expression of GLUT 4 in the healthy human gingiva. The results of this study raise the possibility that gingiva may serve as a target tissue for insulin action.
Subject(s)
Gingiva/analysis , Glucose/physiology , Glucose Transporter Type 4/immunology , Glucose Transporter Type 4/isolation & purification , Humans , Immunohistochemistry , Insulin/physiologyABSTRACT
Malaria is a common parasitic infection seen in the tropics. The most common clinical presentation of malaria is fever with chills and rigors. However, it can also manifest with systemic complications depending on the immune status of the individual and degree of parasitemia. This study was undertaken to look at the various clinical patterns of presentation of malaria and the impact of parasitemia on disease progression and recovery. Parasitic index (PI) was calculated and graded and was found to correlate with the severity of disease.
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Malaria is a common parasitic infection seen in the tropics. The most common clinical presentation of malaria is fever with chills and rigors. However, it can also manifest with systemic complications depending on the immune status of the individual and degree of parasitemia. This study was undertaken to look at the various clinical patterns of presentation of malaria and the impact of parasitemia on disease progression and recovery. Parasitic index (PI) was calculated and graded and was found to correlate with the severity of disease.
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Papillary lesions of the breast represent a heterogeneous group with differing biological behavior. Solid papillary carcinomas are uncommon tumors composed of circumscribed large cellular nodules separated by bands of fibrosis. Correct diagnosis is crucial but may be difficult, as many other benign and malignant lesions have similar histological appearances. Immunohistochemistry plays a useful role in their differentiation. We describe one such case of a solid variant of papillary carcinoma of the left nipple in a 75-year-old woman, who had no other palpable mass in rest of the breast tissue. The case is documented for the rarity of its occurrence and significance of recognition of this lesion.
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Background: The incidence of ischemic heart disease (IHD) has markedly increased in India over the past few years. Considering the variations in racial, dietary and lifestyle patterns in our population, it is essential to study the biology of coronary atherosclerosis in our patients. Vulnerable plaques have a large number of foam cells, extracellular lipid, thin fibrous caps and clusters of inflammatory cells and are more prone to rupture. These plaques are nourished by the microvessels arising from the vasa vasorum of the blood vessels and by lumen-derived microvessels through the fibrous cap. This autopsy study was designed to analyse the coronary arterial tree in cases of sudden cardiac death, classify coronary atherosclerotic plaques and to assess the factors contributing to vulnerability of the plaques including inflammation, calcification and microvascular density. Materials and Methods: Seven cases of sudden cardiac death were included in the study. The hearts were perfusion-fixed and the coronary arteries along with their main branches were dissected and studied. The location of the plaques, type of plaques, presence of inflammation and calcification were assessed. The cap thickness and microvessel density per 1000um 2 were assessed. The statistical significance was estimated. Results and Conclusions: Extensive high-grade coronary atherosclerotic disease was seen in all sudden cardiac death cases. Majority of the plaques were vulnerable. High-grade inflammation was seen in most of the vulnerable and ruptured plaques. All the ruptured plaques were uncalcified indicating that calcification probably stabilizes the plaques and protects against rupture. Increased microvessel density was noted in ruptured plaques compared to vulnerable plaques. However, it was not statistically significant.
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A 65 year old postmenopausal female presented with left sided abdominal pain. Sonogram revealed an intra-abdominal 7.4 x 5.7 cm heterogenous mass. On laparotomy, approximately 10 X 10 cm mesenteric mass was seen adherent to the descending colon. Multiple omental tumor deposits were also noted. Gross examination showed solid and cystic tumor with sebaceous material admixed with hair. Histopathology showed mature cystic teratoma with a spectrum of well to poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma with omental metastasis.
Subject(s)
Aged , Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology , Female , Humans , Retroperitoneal Neoplasms/pathology , Teratoma/pathologyABSTRACT
Oncocytic tumours of adrenal gland are rare lesions with approximately twenty-five cases being documented in literature. A majority of them are nonfunctional and benign. We report a case of adrenal oncocytoma in a 44-year-old male, who underwent a laparotomy for a large mass in the abdomen, which was located above the left kidney. Routine histopathological examination was suggestive of a benign tumour with cells resembling oncocytes. However, immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy helped to confirm the diagnosis of an adrenocortical oncocytoma.