ABSTRACT
Cleistocalyx nervosum var. paniala (known as Ma kiang) is found growing in scatter locations in some villages of the northern provinces of Thailand. The rich purplish red color of Ma kiang is characterized by an anthocyanin profile. It is now popular for functional health food, cosmetic ingredients and health drinks. The aim of this study was to identify the anthocyanins from its ripe berries. The ethanolic extract was pre-purified by vacuum liquid chromatography and subjected to high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system to give a purified compound. The structure elucidation of the compound was performed by spectroscopic (UV-Vis, ¹H NMR and MS) method. This purified compound was confirmed the identity to the authentic standard cyanidin 3-glucoside. The result found that major anthocyanin from ripe berries of C. nervosum var. paniala was cyaniding 3-glucoside. This is the first report of discovery of this ingredient, the most active antioxidant anthocyanin. This data demonstrated its usefulness for identification, content and assessment for quality evaluation of ripe berries of C. nervosum var. paniala products.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: The colposcopic vision guided loop electrosurgical excisional procedure (LEEP) was studied for the effective diagnosis of cervical cancer and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). METHODS: A total of 199 patients participated in this study. Individual cases were from gynecologic outpatients at Thammasat University Hospital, Thailand. These had diagnoses for CIN and were selected for treatment with colposcopic guided LEEP. The average age of patients in this study was 45. Menopausal women represented 31%, (61/199) of the patients. The most frequently found Pap smear result among these women (44%, 88/199), was that of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion. The next most frequent Pap smear result (32%, 64/199) was low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion. Patients' medical records and outcomes were evaluated for consistency of pathological examination between colposcopic directed biopsy and LEEP. Discrepancies between initial diagnosis and the final diagnosis were also analyzed. RESULTS: The colposcopic guided LEEP accurately determined 100% of the cervical cancer cases and 84.8 % of the high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion cases. Involvement of the ectocervical or endocervical margin regions was found to be 5% and 10% respectively, in this study. Excessive bleeding complication, either during the excision and/or postoperative recovery was found in 3% and 6% of cases, respectively. CONCLUSION: LEEP under colposcopic vision is a recommended technique for ambulatory management of precancerous lesion and early diagnosis of cervical cancer. This technique significantly reduces rate of positive ectocervical cone margin involvement.