ABSTRACT
Background: The cardiovascular disease was the main cause of death throughout the world. The first aid that should be taken by the first responder or witness was an important part in the chain of survival out of the hospital that could improve the prognosis and avoid the rest of the symptoms. Hence, it is important for common people to know and possess the skill, especially the cardiopulmonary resuscitation, to handle the emergency situation. Schools became the appropriate place to organize the first-aid training because the students were more conditioned in emotional, social and cultural terms.Methods: This study utilized the quasi-experiment method. The total number of subjects was 124 students who studied in Kalibawang 1st State Senior High School, and in Samigaluh 1st State Senior High School, both of them school is located in Kulon Progo district, Indonesia. The subjects were divided into three groups using three different methods, namely lecturing-discussion, poster demonstration, and audio-visual media.Results: The pre-test and post-test results showed that there was a knowledge improvement after the training using the lecturing (p=0.000), poster (p=0.000) and audio-visual methods (p=0.000). The cardiopulmonary resuscitation skills in the lecturing (p=0.000), poster (p=0.000) and audio-visual methods (p=0.000) groups showed the improvement after the first-aid training in school.Conclusions: This study proved that the first-aid training in the school gave effect on the improvement of the knowledge and skill in handling the emergency situation, particularly the cardiac arrest through cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
ABSTRACT
Background: In vitro studies showed that extract of mangosteen rind (EMR) (Garcinia mangostana L.) containing xanthones has antibacterial effect against Propionibacterium acnes and also anti-inflammatory effect. The aim of this study is to determine the efficacy of EMR in reducing acne vulgaris (AV). Methods: A randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled clinical trial was done on 94 subjects (18-30 years) with mild and moderate AV. The treatment group was given 400 mg EMR 3 times daily orally, for 3 weeks and control group was given placebo capsules. As a standard therapy, all subjects were given a topical cream of 0.025% retinoic acid applied on acne lesions during night time. Efficacy was assessed by counting the acne lesion number as well as proportion of subjects with more than 20% decrease in lesion. The decrease of plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were also measured. Results: After 3 weeks of treatment, acne lesion counts was significantly reduced in both groups [from 934 to 584 lesion (37%) in treatment group, p < 0.001 and from 832 to 608 lesion (27%) in control group, p < 0.001]. Comparison between the two groups revealed a non significant difference (p > 0.55). The proportion of subjects whose acne lesion reduced ≥ 20% was 73% (33 of 45 subjects) in treatment group vs 66% (27 of 41 subjects) in control (p > 0.2). The level MDA was reduced from 1.16 to 1.02 nmol/mL in treatment group and from 1.32 become 1.02 nmol/mL in control (p > 0.48). Conclusion: Extract of mangosteen rind given orally for 3 weeks clinically reduced acne severity better than placebo, although statistically was not significant. Antioxidant effect of EMR seem to be unspecific in reducing acne severity.