Characterization Of Kapok Pericarpium Microcrystalline Cellulose Produced Of Enzymatic Hydrolysis Using Purified Cellulase From Termite (MACROTERMES Gilvus)

Objective: This study aimed to increase the yield of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) from kapok pericarpium alpha-cellulose produced by enzymatic hydrolysis using purified cellulase from Termites (Macrotermes gilvus) and to compare the characteristics with the reference product. Methods: In this research, MCC was prepared from kapok pericarpium powder through the chemical isolation process of alpha-cellulose, followed by enzymatic hydrolysis with purified cellulase from Macrotermes gilvus. The yield was improved by using purified cellulase in optimized temperature, pH, and hydrolysis time. Identification was carried out by using ZnCl and infrared spectrophotometry, followed by characterization of MCC include particle size analysis (PSA) and diffracto­gram pattern (X-Ray Diffraction). The results were compared with Avicel PH 101 as the reference product. Results: Purified cellulase from Macrotermes gilvus showed high cellulose activity. Cellulose in the concentration of 11.743 U/ml formed 49 mm clear zone area with cellulolytic index 7.16 that similar to the formed clear zone area of Trichoderma reesei (50 mm), the optimum hydrolysis condition was achieved at 50 °C, pH 6.0, in 2 h, which produced 80% yield of MCC. Produced MCC was analyzed with ZnCl and FTIR spectrum resulting in positive results, similar to reference. The results of the organoleptic test, particle size analysis, and diffracto­gram pattern (X-Ray Diffraction) showed crystalline characteristics of MCC is similar to the reference (Avicel PH 101). Conclusion: Cellulase Macrotermes gilvus yielded 80% MCC and higher enzymatic activity than Trichoderma reesei. Based on the organoleptic test, particle size analysis, and diffracto­gram pattern observation, MCC from kapok pericarpium has shown similar characteristics to reference (Avicel pH 101) and might be potential to be further developed.

In vitro penetration activity of ionic liquid-Gnetum gnemon seed extract loaded solid lipid nanoparticles

Gnetum gnemon L. (Melinjo) seeds have high trans-resveratrol, which was known to have poor skin absorption ability.This study was performed to evaluate the skin absorption of ionic liquid-melinjo seed extract (IL-MSE) loaded solidlipid nanoparticles (SLN). The SLNs was formulated with glyceryl monostearate as the lipid ingredient, ceteareth-25,ceteareth-6, stearyl alcohol, an aqueous phase, and 10% melinjo seed extract. The SLNs were prepared by modificationof high-pressure homogenization. The polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, entrapment efficiency (EE), particlesize (PS), and morphological scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were evaluated. The in vitro penetration of IL-MSESLN was carried out by using the Franz cell diffusion method. The SLNs formulations showed an average of particlessize about 794 nm, and with high lipid and surfactant, the content could contributing to high entrapment efficiencyto almost 89%. Even though the polydispersity index of SLN was 1.229, and zeta potential measurement was 62.56mV. Up to 45% of the trans-resveratrol penetrated through the skin after 8 hours of the test run. The IL-MSE loadedto SLNs could improve the absorption of trans-resveratrol through the skin.