ABSTRACT
To achieve a disease-free and dry ear is the goal of mastoidectomy in chronic otitis media (COM) with or without cholesteatoma. The operating surgeon, the patient, and the disease process all have a role in the surgical procedure selection. In the case of cholesteatoma with COM, the surgeon has significant hurdles in the prevention of recurrent disease and the maintenance of hearing. Canal wall up (CWU) and canal wall down (CWD) are the surgical methods used for treatment of the COM with cholesteatoma. The importance of surgical method outcomes has been highlighted in recent surgical works, not only in terms of technical success but also in connection to the impact of therapy on patients' quality of life and welfare. The surgical procedures of CWP and CWD usually alter the middle ear structures which affect the transmission of sound from the tympanic membrane to the cochlea. The kind of disease, the depth of the pathology, and the patient's overall condition all have a role in the decision to use a surgical technique like CWU or CWD in COM. Due to improved audiometric results and simpler postoperative care, the CWU approach is frequently preferred despite having a greater probability of revision surgery. CWD surgical techniques usually lower the residual/recurrent rates of cholesteatoma. With regard to the surgical management of COM with cholesteatoma, this review article compares the effectiveness and current procedures of CWU mastoidectomy and CWD mastoidectomy.
ABSTRACT
Vertigo is a disabling symptom that has a high recurrence rate and interferes with day-to-day functioning. Vertigo is frequently caused by Meniere's diseases and benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV). The most prevalent neuro-ontological condition causing vertigo is BPPV. Vertigo attacks that last only a few seconds and are brought on by changing the head's position with respect to gravity are the hallmark of BPPV. There is a suggestion that vitamin D deficiencies and BPPV and Meniere's diseases are positively correlated. However, there is not much awareness among clinicians about association between vitamin D deficiency and certain etiologies of vertigo. After taking vitamin D supplements, vertigo attacks stop happening. Supplementing with vitamin D may be beneficial for patients with low vitamin D levels who have BPPV and Meniere's disease. This review's goal is to discuss about how vitamin D helps to treat vertigo, especially BPPV and Meniere's disease.
ABSTRACT
Allergic rhinitis (AR) is an immunoglobulin E-mediated inflammatory reaction in the nasal mucosa caused by inhaled allergens such as dust, pollen, mold, or animal dander. AR is a common chronic disease that is often ignored, misdiagnosed, and/or mistreated. Clinically, AR is characterized by four major symptoms such as rhinorrhea, sneezing, nasal itching, and nasal congestion. It can be associated with certain co-morbid conditions like asthma and nasal polyposis. AR is diagnosed by taking proper history taking, nasal examination, and allergy tests. A proper understanding of the pathophysiology of AR can lead to improved treatment of this disorder. The treatment for AR should target symptoms to improve the quality of life for patients. Undertreatment of AR often impairs quality of life. The important concern in the treatment of AR is the patient’s adherence to the treatment. Novel treatments are needed for cheaper, early, better, and more permanent symptom resolution in AR. Evidence-based guidelines for AR treatment are helpful to improve disease control. The treatment of AR includes avoidance of relevant allergens, appropriate pharmacotherapy, immunotherapy, patient education, and follow-up. Intranasal corticosteroids are the most effective modality of treatment for AR. This review article discusses details of current treatment options for AR.
ABSTRACT
Periodontitis is a prevalent infectious disease in which the accumulation of bacterial plaque leads to an inflammatory reaction and destruction of supporting tissues around the teeth. The optimal goal in periodontal treatment is to eliminate the infection and to recreate the lost structures of cementum, periodontal ligament (PDL), and the alveolar bone with the reestablishment of their functions. Achieving this regenerative aim, however, remains a major challenge for periodontists. In order to increase the predictability and the efficacy of regenerative periodontal therapies, treatment modalities have moved from the conventional guided tissue treatments to novel tissue engineering and stem cell–based treatments. This is achieved either by transplantation of cells from outside sources to the periodontal defects or by enhancing the recruitment of endogenous host cells present in the area, known as cell homing methods. Photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy is a term used for exposure of cells/ tissues to low-level laser light or light-emitting diodes (LEDs), which is absorbed by specific photoreceptors in cells and may cause alteration at a molecular level inside cells without any heat generation leading to biological changes in cell metabolism and function.
ABSTRACT
A ranula is a pseudocystic lesion of the sublingual salivary gland, found in the floor of the mouth. Ranula is classified into types such as simple and plunging type. Plunging ranula arises when a simple ranula extends beyond the floor of the mouth into the neck. A simple ranula is seen above the level of the mylohyoid muscle and is often the result of sublingual gland duct obstruction. A plunging ranula refers to a pseudocyst that develops with salivary duct rupture and is seen below the level of the mylohyoid muscle. Diagnosis of the ranula is difficult even with modern imaging techniques as this mimic to other neck lesions. The correct diagnosis of the ranula is essential for the most effective treatment. The treatment modalities of the ranula currently include marsupialization, excision of the ranula with or without excision of the sublingual gland, cryosurgery, laser excision, sclerotherapy, fenestrations, and continuous pressure. The treatment of the ranula includes complete excision and marsupialization is not a sufficient treatment. Misdiagnosis of a plunging ranula leads to unnecessary and extensive surgery. This review article discussed the epidemiology, etiopathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, and current treatment of ranula.